Showing papers in "Kybernetes in 1992"
TL;DR: An overview of the field of genetic algorithms is presented as representing a novel optimization strategy which is receiving much attention and is based on the principles of population genetics and biology.
Abstract: Presents an overview of the field of genetic algorithms, pioneered in the field of natural adaptive systems and simulated in software. They are shown as representing a novel optimization strategy which is receiving much attention. In machine learning they are a component of classifier systems which are able to extract rules from data. The algorithms discussed are based on the principles of population genetics and biology.
373 citations
TL;DR: The problem of creativity is examined and situations in the universe where it exists are examined to show the importance of creativity.
Abstract: Discusses the problem of creativity and examines situations in the universe where it exists.
351 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a convergence proof of Adomian's method adapted to non-linear partial differential equations is presented, and the convergence proof is proved numerically using real examples.
Abstract: The study of the convergence of Adomian's method presents some difficulties when applied to real problems. Proposes a convergence proof of this technique adapted to non‐linear partial differential equations. Solves some real examples numerically.
55 citations
TL;DR: Perez as discussed by the authors interprets and discusses the new and substantial work by the Denis Guichard Prizewinner, JeanClaude Perez, on the further understanding of DNA.
Abstract: Interprets and discusses the new and substantial work by the Denis Guichard Prizewinner, Jean‐Claude Perez, on the further understanding of DNA
18 citations
TL;DR: The main focus is on the different kinds of alienated response that may be evoked by relatively simple versus relatively complex environments and the question of what type of community is still feasible in the highly complex society.
Abstract: Takes a general systems approach to reconceptualize and interconnect existing theories of alienation in community and in society. Alienation is viewed as a generic term for different types of information processing disturbances of human individuals, conceived as autoietic, self‐steering and self‐referential systems. In considering the possible relationships between alienation and the community‐society continuum, regarded as a controversial and complex one, a third element, complexity itself, which exerts its influence, is introduced. The main focus is on the different kinds of alienated response that may be evoked by relatively simple versus relatively complex environments. Discusses the idealized concept of the community and describes the negative effects of idealization. Finally, addresses the question of what type of community is still feasible in the highly complex society.
14 citations
TL;DR: Pioneering work into Very Large Scale Integration and the theory of computation reveals a new revolution in quantum physics and shows that this new quantum‐mechanical perspective yields the basis for a model of conscious machinery, for which as yet computer science has no agreed definitions.
Abstract: Pioneering work into Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and the theory of computation reveals a new revolution. Quantum physics is essential to the understanding of deuces with two stable states and to how theoretically, classical Turing computation is physically possible. Furthermore, completely novel quantum‐mechanical computational devices utilizing dimensional confinement can be made; similar mechanisms may well exist in natural biological systems and brains. Shows that this new quantum‐mechanical perspective yields the basis for a model of conscious machinery, with correspondingly well defined processes specifying the nature of perception, cognition and information, for which as yet computer science has no agreed definitions.
11 citations
TL;DR: Reviews classical notions in General Systems Theory (GST), such as auto‐organization, hierarchy, the “middle way” etc, and discusses bilateral strategies, which are seemingly contradictory and the paradoxical unilateral strategy.
Abstract: Agonistic antagonistic general system theory and praxis were born in the medical field, but may be defined now from an epistemological and biomathematical point of view, and are used in other fields. Reviews classical notions in General Systems Theory (GST), such as auto‐organization, hierarchy, the “middle way” etc. Discusses bilateral strategies, which are seemingly contradictory and the paradoxical unilateral strategy. Suggests that, if the efficient control of certain systems is at stake in such strategies, they ought to be scrutinized by the cybernetical community.
10 citations
TL;DR: Three models, the Viable System Model, Socio‐Technical Systems and Total Quality Management, are considered to consider their potential usefulness in an integrated approach.
Abstract: Many opportunities exist to combine different models in the cybernetics and systems field to assist groups and organizations to be more effective. Brings together three models, the Viable System Model, Socio‐Technical Systems and Total Quality Management, to consider their potential usefulness in an integrated approach. It examines their common roots in the concepts of systems and environments, communications, the modelling process, variety, feedback and autonomy. Their differences of emphasis and some limitations are also noted. A suggestion is made regarding how they might be brought together in a single application using the Viable Systems Model as one of three possible frameworks. Other systems models and where they might fit within this framework are also noted. Finally, co‐operation and experiment among practitioners of different models is urged as having great potential benefit to client organizations.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors pointed out the untenability of this belief, its reliance on imprecise language, in particular on the ambiguous term "system" and reiterated that sound cybernetics is just a part of the scientific tradition, firmly rooted in two Objectivity Axioms.
Abstract: Based primarily on the belief that it is man who constructs reality, a trend has grown in recent years to regard cybernetics as superseding the scientific methodology. Shows the untenability of this belief, its reliance on imprecise language, in particular on the ambiguous term “system”, and reiterates that sound cybernetics is just a part of the scientific tradition, firmly rooted in two Objectivity Axioms. The constructivist trend has drawn attention away from serious and difficult problems, and put the focus on the superficial and the trivial. Offers some suggestions as to how the cybernetical movement can regain contact with the advancing frontiers of science.
7 citations
TL;DR: Undertakes a systems study, in the language of mathematics, of the concepts of “whole” and “part”, and their factor systems are used and considered as “parts”.
Abstract: Undertakes a systems study, in the language of mathematics, of the concepts of “whole” and “part”. The concepts of linked systems, product systems, Cartesian product systems and inverse limit systems are used to study “wholeness”, and their factor systems are used and considered as “parts”. Discusses comparisons between models of “whole” and between “parts” and “whole”. Presents the application background and poses some open questions.
7 citations
TL;DR: The aim is to obtain bounds for the average error probability in terms of (αβ)‐information energy, when the decision in the classifier is made according to the fuzzified Bayes method.
Abstract: The decision rule which minimizes the probability of error, in the discrimination problem, is the Bayes decision rule which assigns x to the class with the highest a posteriori probability. This rule leads to a partial probability of error which is given by Pe(x) = 1−max p(C2lx) for each x e X. Prior to observing X, the probability of error associated with X is defined as Pe = EX [Pe(x)]. Tanaka, Okuda and Asai formulated the discrimination problem with fuzzy classes and fuzzy information using the probability of fuzzy events and derived a bound for the average error probability, when the decision in the classifier is made according to the fuzzified Bayes method. The aim is to obtain bounds for the average error probability in terms of (αβ)‐information energy, when the decision in the classifier is made according to the fuzzified Bayes method.
TL;DR: The axiomization of conditional independence of probability has been investigated in this article, where the completeness conjecture is shown to be incorrect by presenting counter examples and a new axiom based on the counter examples follows.
Abstract: Presents an investigation of some aspects of the axiomization of conditional independence of probability. Contributes to the understanding of Pearl's completeness conjecture and identifies a direction for revision which could remove some of the difficulties of Pearl's axiom set, but this alternative is not without its own difficulties. This approach largely simplifies the definition of conditional independence. Then shows the completeness conjecture to be incorrect by presenting counter examples; a new axiom based on the counter examples follows. Discusses the reason for the conjecture being incorrect. Notes that an alternative conjecture could be suggested, but this raises many new questions and increases complexity. Finally, shows that “the disjointness condition on variable sets” is in fact necessary. Concludes that while the axiomization of conditional independence has attractions, it is probably too complex to be pragmatic. Suggests an alternative way forward in inexact reasoning.
TL;DR: This paper argues that the importance of continuity is acknowledged in recent discussions related to fuzzy set theory, which acknowledge linguistic variables and that much other discussion is of restricted applicability because it fails to recognize continuity.
Abstract: In the current debate on appropriate representations of uncertainty, it is usual to assume a finite set of events to be discriminated. A similar bias is apparent in much discussion in neurophysiology and cognitive psychology, and it entails de‐emphasis of the property of continuity (“in the large”), necessary for interpolation, extrapolation and ranking. The importance of continuity is acknowledged in recent discussions related to fuzzy set theory, which acknowledge linguistic variables. Argues that this is an important development and that much other discussion is of restricted applicability because it fails to recognize continuity.
TL;DR: A mathematical tool for the fuzzy identification of a system is presented and an application of the method to computer‐aided identification of the steady‐state operating points of a thermal engine is shown.
Abstract: A mathematical tool for the fuzzy identification of a system is presented. This hybrid mathematical method combines the fuzzy description of input space and the description of input‐output relations using the Bezier interpolation technique. This is a computationally simple method for designing a curve(surface). Its efficiency is expressed in its powerful application in controlling the shape of a described curve (surface), both simplifying the determination of the parameters of input‐output relations, qualititively by precision and quantitatively by decreasing the number of control points (values) required. Shows an application of the method to computer‐aided identification of the steady‐state operating points of a thermal engine.
TL;DR: Investigates the dual relationship between systems and their users in the context of information systems as system‐user duality, which contains two facets: multiple‐user views on a single logical system, and a single physical system adapted to multiple‐ user models.
Abstract: Investigates the dual relationship between systems and their users in the context of information systems. Summarizes the result as system‐user duality, which contains two facets: multiple‐user views on a single logical system, and a single physical system adapted to multiple‐user models. Not only gives a better understanding on the role of users in systems, but also suggests an important principle of designing systems adapted to user models
TL;DR: This short communication employs a framework previously published by the authors, to formulate a simple variant of the synthesis problem of the design, which is proved to be computationally intractable, thus leading to a practical conclusion that heuristics should be searched for.
Abstract: The problem of design is to find the best mapping between specifications and a solution space. A key operation that is involved in the early stages of the design process is the synthesis operation. This short communication employs a framework previously published by the authors, to formulate a simple variant of the synthesis problem of the design. The problem is proved to be computationally intractable, thus leading to a practical conclusion that heuristics should be searched for.
TL;DR: A unified approach based on the theory of deterministic functions is proposed, which could provide new approaches to management of uncertainty originating from both probability and possibility distributions.
Abstract: In the present literature on fuzzy sets and fuzzy information, there is much confusion between entropies of fuzzy sets and fuzzy sets of entropies. After a thorough critical review of this question, proposes a unified approach based on the theory of deterministic functions. One must carefully distinguish between index of fuzziness, uncertainty of fuzziness and uncertainty of randomness on the one hand; and uncertainty of fuzzy sets and uncertainty of possibility on the other hand. This new framework could provide new approaches to management of uncertainty originating from both probability and possibility distributions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the economic system slice-wise, taking the main economic activities for a year together, and the development of the economic activities is characterized by plus or minus signs according to an increase or decrease of the activities.
Abstract: Analyses the economic system slice‐wise, taking the main economic activities for a year together. Within this slice the development of the economic activities is characterized by plus or minus signs according to an increase or decrease of the activities. This yearly sequence of plus and minus signs is taken as a pattern. Analyses these economic patterns according to cybernetic and economic criteria. Sign‐equivalent patterns are taken together as groups. The chronological development of these groups gives the profiles of the economy. The development of profiles is quite concordant with the business cycle of the economy in question.
TL;DR: An analysis is proposed of the consequences of the limitations inherent in observation processes PA andPB on the joint, marginal and conditional entropies of two continuous sets A and B of events, observed by means of PA and PB.
Abstract: An analysis is proposed of the consequences of the limitations inherent in observation processes PA and PB on the joint, marginal and conditional entropies of two continuous sets A and B of events, observed by means of PA and PB. These events can be statistically dependent. Properties of asymmetry appear which do not exist in the Shannonian model. They induce a new definition of mutual information.
TL;DR: A new theoretical basis for a formal approach to strategies for multidimensional investment is formulated and the basic notion underlying investment epistemology, i.e. capital, is enlarged.
Abstract: Formulates a new theoretical basis for a formal approach to strategies for multidimensional investment. Summarizes the concepts on which the model is based and shows how they are combined within a dynamic schema. In order to prepare operational policies for multidimensional investment, enlarges the basic notion underlying investment epistemology, i.e. capital. Defines and analyses the concept of multidimensional capital and develops the notion of how to model dynamic networks of interacting active units, w hich self‐organize a multidimensional field into which systemic strategies of investment can be inserted
TL;DR: The meaning of the word “intelligence” is discussed with a view to the formation of its definition.
Abstract: The meaning of the word “intelligence” is discussed with a view to the formation of its definition.
TL;DR: Two types of cybernetic filters which can be incorporated in a management information system (MIS) are examined, each of which blocks the conveyance of noise and ensures that information is conveyed to the level of regulation which can most aptly deal with a particular disturbance.
Abstract: Examines two types of cybernetic filters which can be incorporated in a management information system (MIS). The design of these filters is dependent on the type of uncertainties which an organization experiences in its environment and also on the response time of the organization to environmental disturbances. The response time is in turn determined by Ashby's law of requisite variety. Incorporating these cybernetic filters into an MIS has three effects on the organization. First, it eliminates managerial activity in any organizational level which is not conducive to equilibrium and, consequently, consenes managerial resources Secondly, it blocks the conveyance of noise — in the customary heaps of computer printouts manufactured by the MIS — to management. Thirdly, it ensures that information is conveyed to the level of regulation which can most aptly deal with a particular disturbance.
TL;DR: In the construction of Beer's Predictive Model for control of operations in “complex probabilistic systems” a major exercise is the adjustment of resources to meet current productivity values so as to stabilize overall system output.
Abstract: In the construction of Beer's Predictive Model for control of operations in “complex probabilistic systems” a major exercise is the adjustment of resources to meet current productivity values so as to stabilize overall system output. There arise, however, certain theoretical problems in this adjustment exercise and this communication examines some of them.
TL;DR: The authors argues that this paradigm suffers from unsurmountable weaknesses and moreover, that possible alternatives exist: maybe the time has come to abandon the information cult and propose alternatives to the information paradigm.
Abstract: According to the dominant paradigm in both biology and the language sciences, “information” is an entity which can be “contained” in genes or words; “transferred” to a receptor, this “information” is supposedly the key to phenomena such as the ontogenesis of living organisms or the meaning of language. Argues that this paradigm suffers from unsurmountable weaknesses and, moreover, that possible alternatives exist: maybe the time has come to abandon the information cult.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider a system model of changes in industrial structure, employment and income levels, where a country subsidizes imported resources to augment its existing resource base and to develop an export promotion strategy.
Abstract: Considers a systems model of changes in industrial structure, employment and income levels. A country subsidizes imported resources to augment its existing resource base and to develop an export promotion strategy. This is leveraged with borrowed money. According to neo‐classical economic theory, factors of production are paid in proportion to their output contribution. Economic growth occurs when the return from a higher rate of factor utilization exceeds the cost of subsidization. In the study of ordinary differential equations, simultaneous changes in variables can be treated as part of a dynamic system subject to constraints. At any moment resources are fixed, and we may assume D'Alembert's principle of virtual work with respect to the internal constraints of the system. Subsidized economic growth shares a paradigm with analytical dynamics, the stability of motion around the neighbourhood of a singular point. The classical analytical‐topological methods which describe asymptotic stability are used to investigate economic policy.
TL;DR: In this article, the fixed point paradigm and its aspects from vector algebra to dynamical systems, not forgetting eigenbehaviours, are presented and compared with Heinz von Forster's views on subject and object.
Abstract: Presents the fixed‐point paradigm and its aspects from vector algebra to dynamical systems, not forgetting eigenbehaviours. Then considers the problem of subjects (and objects) in interaction, using the author's concepts of observation operator, pragmatical operator and epistemo‐praxiological loop which give rise to the intervention of a fixed point. More precise conclusions are obtained in the recurrent case. A comparison is made with Heinz von Forster's views on subject and object.
TL;DR: In this paper, it has been assumed that electronic computers and telematics are part of an electronic revolution which causes to obsolesce many of the perceptual, psychic and social cultural effects of phonetic literacy and typography and their subsequent perceptual and psychic effects, particularly as they relate to the lifestyles and production techniques we associate with the seventeenth-century new science and the mechanical Industrial Revolution.
Abstract: It has been assumed that electronic computers and telematics are part of an electronic revolution which causes to obsolesce many of the perceptual, psychic and social cultural effects of phonetic literacy and typography and their subsequent perceptual, psychic, and social effects, particularly as they relate to the lifestyles and production techniques we associate with the seventeenth‐century new science and the mechanical Industrial Revolution. Shows that the digital computer, “the ultimate assembly line”, and its various effects represent a vast extention and amplification of centuries‐old trends, and, indeed, seem to present us with habits and attitudes at odds with those induced by older electronic media such as radio and television. Among the results of digital technologies are business‐as‐usual 24 hours a day and societal breakdown which occurs as a result of continuing acceleration and the splitting apart of human functions and human psyche.
TL;DR: The simple computer simulations described strongly suggest that this is a viable alternative, and preferable to ANN with just linear synapses, because of the savings in hardware and software when dealing with similar problems.
Abstract: Analyses the possibility of allowing non‐linear synaptic processing in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) both theoretically and practically. The simple computer simulations described strongly suggest that this is a viable alternative, and preferable to ANN with just linear synapses, because of the savings in hardware (fewer components are needed) and software (reduction in training time) when dealing with similar problems. Derives some considerations regarding a possible relationship between the parallel processor proposed and living nerve cells.
TL;DR: The method can be used for developing knowledge‐based systems and, in particular, Computer‐Assisted Learning (CAL) programs and is theoretically based on issues taken from both psychology and computer sciences.
Abstract: Describes a method of construction and representation of scientific knowledge, as a hierarchical information structure, using the propositional form of semanti‐net formulism. The method can be used for developing knowledge‐based systems and, in particular, Computer‐Assisted Learning (CAL) programs. The method is theoretically based on issues taken from both psychology and computer sciences, and particularly the cognitive aspects of memory organization and the conversation and comprehension processes. Scientific knowledge is regarded as being made up of three types of information: definitions, methods and procedures. Each type consists of information represented by separate and meaningful properties, together with their relationships and the processes that may occur in using this information during comprehension and conversation.
TL;DR: An innovative error compensation method to improve the static positioning accuracy of industrial robots or other servo‐driven manipulation devices and integration concepts for this error compensation technique within commercial robot controllers are outlined.
Abstract: Describes an innovative error compensation method to improve the static positioning accuracy of industrial robots or other servo‐driven manipulation devices. As well as the theoretical formulation, shows experimental results for quantitative estimation and verification of the method. Outlines integration concepts for this error compensation technique within commercial robot controllers.