Showing papers in "Perceptual and Motor Skills in 1981"
TL;DR: The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been verified for 5 selected subjects who signaled that they knew they were dreaming while continuing to dream during unequivocal REM sleep, allowing derivation of precise psychophysiological correlations and methodical testing of hypotheses.
Abstract: The occurrence of lucid dreaming (dreaming while being conscious that one is dreaming) has been verified for 5 selected subjects who signaled that they knew they were dreaming while continuing to d...
209 citations
TL;DR: Children appear to be able to tolerate a single night of restricted sleep, although they do not recover as rapidly as adult subjects.
Abstract: Sleep, performance, and sleepiness were evaluated in nine (6 girls, 3 boys) children (ages 11 to 13.2 yr.) with a view toward determining whether children are more sensitive to sleep restriction th...
138 citations
99 citations
TL;DR: Between-group comparisons as well as correlational data indicated that older subjects performed significantly more poorly than younger subjects and significant small negative correlations of performance with education and intelligence suggested that lower intelligence and education also may adversely affect performance.
Abstract: The Trail Making Test, used in differentiating brain-damaged from non-brain-damaged individuals, was administered to 150 non-brain-damaged subjects classified into five age decades to determine the effects of age on performance. Between-group comparisons as well as correlational data indicated that older subjects performed significantly more poorly than younger subjects. Significant small negative correlations of performance with education and intelligence suggested that lower intelligence and education also may adversely affect performance. Some implications of these findings for clinical neuropsychology are discussed.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the internal structure and dimensionality of the body cathexis scale was examined, while secondary problems were to compare the relative satisfaction of each facet of the scale.
Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the internal structure and dimensionality of the Body Cathexis Scale, while secondary problems were to compare the relative satisfaction of each fac...
73 citations
TL;DR: Remission of depressive illness in those children with melancholic major depression was associated with significant improvement in WISC-R Verbal IQ and Performance IQ, and on the Similarities, Comprehension, Block Design, and Coding subtests.
Abstract: 11 children fulfilling DSM-III criteria for major depressive illness were administered detailed neuropsychological batteries prior to and 3 to 6 mo. after starting tricyclic antidepressant treatmen...
62 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined developmental changes in children's use of pointing gestures to achieve an accurate count and found that children at 3 ages (2, 4, and 6 yr.) were required to count objects (2,...
Abstract: This study is an examination of developmental changes in children's use of pointing gestures to achieve an accurate count. 42 children at 3 ages (2, 4, and 6 yr.) were required to count objects (2,...
57 citations
TL;DR: A physically fit population (X̅V̇O2max = 62.39 ml kg−1 × min−1) shows no detectable decrement in a perceptual task performed after fatiguing exercises recruiting various types of energy sources.
Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different types of physical fatigue-past demand for exertion-on the performance of a visual detection task performed with and without masking. 31 male subjects were first administered a VO2 max test and familiarized with the detection task. They were divided into two groups to control potential effects of masking. They were subjected to three experimental treatment involving the utilization of different sources of energy: (a) a short anaerobic alactic acid effort recruiting phosphocreatine, (b) a supramaximal effort (anaerobic lactic acid) recruiting glycogen without oxygen, and (c) a progressive (partially anaerobic) effort recruiting glycogen and oxygen. All three were performed on a treadmill. Blood samples were collected for the anaerobic lactacid and the partially anaerobic exercises. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the detection task. A 2 X 3 X 2 X 8 analysis of variance, with repeated measures on the last three factors, was applied to the data (mask/no mask X type of exercise X pre-post performance measures X location of the letter to be detected). No significant difference was found for either the main effects or interactions, except for the location of the letter and the mask/no mask condition. It appears therefore that a physically fit population (mean VO2 max = 62.39 ml X kg(-1) X min(-1)) shows no detectable decrement in a perceptual task performed after fatiguing exercises recruiting various types of energy sources.
55 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the reversal effect increases over time due to a localized rather than general process, and are thus compatible with a sensory satiation model of perceptual alternation.
Abstract: Three experiments were performed to examine the rate at which reversible perspective figures (Necker cubes) undergo apparent reversal, as a function of selected stimulus variables. 100 subjects were instructed not to inhibit or to promote reversals of perspective, but to remain neutral. The data indicated: (1) an incomplete cube reverses less frequently than does a corresponding complete figure, (2) two adjacent cubes reverse in synchrony when of equal luminance but often out of phase when differing in luminance, (3) a shift of the cube's retinal position causes its reversal rate to drop to baseline level. These results suggest that the reversal effect increases over time due to a localized rather than general process, and are thus compatible with a sensory satiation model of perceptual alternation.
50 citations
TL;DR: Injured runners appeared less toughminded and less forthright than the non-injured runners, and were also heavier, taller, and ran more miles per week than non- injured runners.
Abstract: 6 injured and 15 non-injured male runners were approached following competitive road races. They were requested to complete Form A of the Sixteen Personality Factor Inventory (16 PF) as well as a questionnaire specifically designed to obtain responses concerning physical and training measures. The injured runners appeared less toughminded and less forthright than the non-injured runners. Injured runners were also heavier, taller, and ran more miles per week than non-injured runners.
50 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of covariance indicated that significant improvement occurred only in the experimental group, with changes in the motor, auditory, and language aspects of perceptual-motor performance as well as total score.
Abstract: Two approaches to facilitating perceptual-motor development in children, ages 4 to 6 yr., were investigated. The experimental group (n = 15) received 24 sessions of integrated physical education/music instruction based upon concepts of Kodaly and Dalcroze. The control group (n = 15) received 24 sessions of movement exploration and self-testing instruction. Analysis of covariance indicated that significant improvement occurred only in the experimental group, with discharges changes in the motor, auditory, and language aspects of perceptual-motor performance as well as total score.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the beginning steps had been taken toward psychometric development of a reliable technique for the measurement of color preference as well as a hypothesized relationship between color preferences and personality.
Abstract: A three-part investigation was conducted to explore the meaning of color preferences. Phase 1 used a Q-sort technique to assess intra-individual stability of preferences over 5 wk. Phase 2 used pri...
TL;DR: The three groups showed significant decreases in anxiety after the activity, which suggests that diversionary as well as causal influences may have been operative or an effect of testing.
Abstract: 11 young adult men and 9 women in a running group, an organized exercise class (2 men and 10 women) and a group eating lunch at a YMHA (6 men and 4 women) were assessed as to pre- and post-State anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The three groups showed significant decreases in anxiety after the activity. This suggests that diversionary as well as causal influences may have been operative or an effect of testing.
TL;DR: Significant differences pointing to a better performance of the “town” group were found on both tests, and sex differences were found only on the spatial span rest; boys performed better than girls.
Abstract: Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping) and verbal span (Wechsler Digits Forward) were measured in 1113 children aged 4 to 10 yr. from urban and rural districts of the Regione Campania. Significant differences pointing to a better performance of the "town" group were found on both tests. Sex differences were found only on the spatial span test; boys performed better than girls.
TL;DR: Subjective intervals were obtained from 40 subjects who were assigned to a group with or without volition in which choice regarding task involvement was varied, yielding the predicted interaction.
Abstract: Subjective intervals were obtained from 40 subjects (20 males, 20 females) who were assigned to a group with or without volition in which choice regarding task involvement was varied. Orthogonal to volition, half the subjects engaged in a boring task, half in an interesting task. Subjects assigned to the group with no volition displayed typical temporal behavior (an interesting task was judged as significantly shorter), while subjects in the group with volition showed no difference in protensity as a function of task quality, yielding the predicted interaction.
TL;DR: The product quality of two status-oriented brands of carbonated bottled water and of one low-status popularly priced brand was rated by 24 college students each in brand labeled and unlabeled conditions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The product quality of two status-oriented brands of carbonated bottled water and of one low-status popularly-priced brand was rated by 24 college students each in brand labeled and unlabeled conditions. The results supported the influence of product image on consumers' judgments of product quality, but it was suggested that the salience of such extrinsic cues might depend on the breadth of the consumers' evaluative frame of reference for judging particular classes of products.
TL;DR: Analysis of variance showed significant effects of illumination and illumination by sex, including increased light levels shortened time estimation except for males under high light intensity.
Abstract: 7 male and 7 female college students made estimations of 15-sec. intervals in conditions of dark, low and high ambient illumination. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of illumination and illumination by sex. Increased light levels shortened time estimation except for males under high light intensity. Results are discussed in terms of arousal theory and the relevance of these factors in research on time estimation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the initial grip strength and then their grip strength was measured by measuring the initial and subsequent grip strength of the subjects, and found that different kinds of music have different effects on arousal as measured by grip strength.
Abstract: To determine whether different kinds of music have differential effects on arousal as measured by grip strength, subjects' initial grip strength was measured and then their grip strength was measur...
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between motor hyperactivity and childhood depression was investigated in a group of 178 children referred for evaluation of school problems and 60% of the children fulfilled the modified Feighner criteria for primary childhood depression.
Abstract: The relationship between motor hyperactivity and childhood depression was investigated in a group of 178 children referred for evaluation of school problems. 60% (n = 107) of the children fulfilled the modified Feighner criteria for primary childhood depression. 44% (n = 78) of the children had motor hyperactivity and 75% (n = 59) of these also showed depression. Terminal insomnia, somatic complaints, self-deprecation, episodic loss of interest in school and usual activities, social withdrawal, and preoccupation with death and dying were the symptoms which significantly differentiated depressed from non-depressed children.
TL;DR: In the last 10 to 15 yr. the stressing of individualized instructions has caused a reorganization of some schools, curricula, and instructional methods as mentioned in this paper, and different theoretical approaches have been used.
Abstract: During the last 10 to 15 yr. the stressing of individualized instructions has caused a reorganization of some schools, curricula, and instructional methods. Different theoretical approaches have be...
TL;DR: Ocular dominance, handedness, and cognitive strategy were assessed in relation to performance by 146 undergraduates on the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test and results confirm previous findings.
Abstract: Ocular dominance, handedness, and cognitive strategy were assessed in relation to performance by 146 undergraduates on the Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test. Higher spatial scores were found for right-eyed subjects, right-handed subjects, and males. These higher scoring groups reported using similar cognitive strategies. The counted blocks less, used their hands less, and pictured in their minds more than the left-eyed, left-handed and female subjects. Results confirm previous findings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a self-concept scale for gifted students to develop items which focused on gifted children's talents and abilities and associated or associated with their abilities and abilities.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop a self-concept scale for gifted students. An effort was made to develop items which focused on gifted children's talents and abilities and associated or ...
TL;DR: This article found that shortening the duration of exposure to images produces signifitantly greater variability in ratings qf metaphors for those exposed to the superimposed condition, as predicred from the mental representation in homospatial thinking.
Abstract: -In a previous experiment on the creative homospatial process, writers exposed to superimposed images created literary metaphors which were rated higher than those of subjects exposed to the same images projected separately. Shortening the duration of exposure to images produces signifitantly greater variability in ratings qf metaphors for those exposed to the superimposed condition, as predicred from the mental representation in homospatial thinking.
TL;DR: The literature reports a number of differences both psychological and physiological between left and right-handed individuals as mentioned in this paper, and creativity was investigated as another dimension for which difference was found to be important.
Abstract: The literature reports a number of differences both psychological and physiological between left- and right-handed individuals. Creativity was investigated as another dimension for which difference...
TL;DR: In this article, item analyses of the responses of 54 high school wrestlers and 193 high school basketball players to the Leadership Scale for Sports support the instrument's applicability in high school sports.
Abstract: Item analyses of the responses of 54 high school wrestlers and 193 high school basketball players to the Leadership Scale for Sports support the instrument's applicability in high school sports. Th...
TL;DR: In this article, 49 subjects rated 50 words of affect randomly selected from a dictionary and found the presence of a Pleasure factor and an Activation factor that jointly explained 86% of the variance.
Abstract: Sunmary.49 subjects rated 50 words of affect randomly selected from a dictionary. Factor analyses of the 11 scales used documented the presence of a Pleasure factor and an Activation factor that jointly explained 86% of the variance. With the addition of Personal-ness as a third factor, 92.6% of the variance in mean ratings could be accounted for, and 5 clear clusters of words emerged.
TL;DR: The latencies of the electromyographic discharge and knee-joint movement were longer in the bilateral condition than in the unilateral condition, and interhemispheric inhibition was discussed as the mechanism for this unilateral-bilateral difference.
Abstract: Simple reaction time to an auditory stimulus was measured for separate unilateral and simultaneous bilateral knee-extension tasks. The latencies of the electromyographic discharge (155.3 msec.) and knee-joint movement (231.0 msec.) were longer in the bilateral condition than in the unilateral condition (139.2 and 218.8 msec., respectively), while the time difference between EMG onset and knee-movement onset was the same for the unilateral (79.5 msec.) and bilateral (76.2 msec.) conditions. Interhemispheric inhibition was discussed as the mechanism for this unilateral-bilateral difference.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that both ideographic characters and colors are processed in a parallel fashion in the non-dominant right cerebral hemisphere, while syllabic or phonetic characters are processing in the dominant left cerebral hemisphere is supported.
Abstract: Utilizing a unique feature of the Japanese languages--that besides two syllabic orthographies, which have identical pronunciations, words with the same pronunciation may also be written in an orthography composed of ideographic characters--we have conducted an investigation of Stroop phenomena. The fact that pronunciations of the three Japanese orthographies are identical means that, if there are any differences between them in the Stroop phenomena observed, we can place the locus of this interference effect in the perceptual process. Five color names were written in the ideographic characters (kanji) and the two syllabic orthographies (hiragana and katakana). Color-congruent cards and incongruent cards were utilized in a color-naming task and a word-reading task. Mean required times for the color-naming condition and the word-reading conditions were compared with those for control conditions. Stroop phenomena were observed in both ideographic and syllabic orthographies. Significant differences in mean required times were observed between the ideographic and syllabic orthographies but not between the two syllabic orthographies. Interferences in comparisons of Japanese orthographies and color patch control conditions were much smaller than in the case of Stroop's (1935) experiment. A "Reverse Stroop Phenomenon" was observed only in the case of kanji on incongruent cards in the word-reading condition. The results support the hypothesis that both ideographic characters (in this case, kanji) and colors are processed in a parallel fashion in the non-dominant right cerebral hemisphere, while syllabic or phonetic characters are processed in the dominant left cerebral hemisphere.
TL;DR: In this article, humor use in an audio-taped lecture by a male or female professor was varied to produce versions with no humor, sexual humor, other-disparaging humor, and self-disarreaging humor.
Abstract: Humor use in an audio-taped lecture by a male or female professor was varied to produce versions with (a) no humor, (b) sexual humor, (c) other-disparaging humor, and (d) self-disparaging humor. After exposure to the lecture materials, male and female subjects' perception of the lecturer's intelligence and appeal was assessed. On measures of appeal, significant transverse interactions between sex of speaker and sex of respondent were obtained for both sexual and self-disparaging humor. Effects were in opposite directions, however, for these two types of humor. The use of self-disparaging humor led to higher ratings of appeal when speaker and respondent were of the same sex. In contrast, the use of sexual humor led to higher ratings of appeal when speaker and respondent were of opposite sex. The variations in humor had no appreciable effect on the perception of the lecturer's intelligence.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of a systematic running program on self-concepts of fifth and sixth grade pupils in a public elementary school were assessed, where each subject ran a minimum of one mile at least three times a week.
Abstract: This study assessed the effects of a systematic running program on self-concepts of fifth and sixth grade pupils in a public elementary school. Thirty subjects were randomly chosen from 110 children, and 15 each assigned to the experimental and control conditions. The Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory ( 1 ) was administered prior to running for 7 wk. Each subject ran a minimum of one mile at least three times a week. As some lacked the stamina to run continuously for a distance of one mile they were allowed to stop along the course and proceed after a rest. A log was kept for each subject recording when they checked in and out of the course, as well as how far they ran. Many of the subjects chose to run to school and on weekends, but all were required to run the minimum of three miles a week on the designated course. On completion of the program both groups were retested on the inventory. The means and standard deviations on the preand posttests were computed for both groups. Those values with the results of a general multivariate hypothesis test may be found in Table 1. The pretest means of 51.83 and 53.17 exhibited only minimal differences. However, the difference at posttest was substantial ( M = 65.16, M = 50.50). The mean gain was 13.33 points for the experimental subjects; controls lost 2.5 points. The over-all test indicated a significant difference ( F = 9.15, d f = 2/21, P < .0014) as did the univariate rests. The hypothesis of no difference was accepted for the pretest means ( P < .706) and rejected for the posttest means (P < ,002). Although there were no significant differences in the pretest means, those results were used as covariates in the step-down procedure. For the posttest means Table 1 gives P < .00.