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Showing papers in "Physica Status Solidi B-basic Solid State Physics in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The change in time of the state of intramolecular excitation in an one-dimensional molecular chain is investigated in this article, where its deformability is taken into account.
Abstract: The change in time of the state of intramolecular excitation in an one-dimensional molecular chain is investigated, where its deformability is taken into account. It is shown that the excitation which is accompanied by a local deformation of the chain, can move uniformly along the chain, the size of the region under excitation remaining constant. These excitations in one-dimensional molecular chains can be called particle-like excitons or solitary excitons. Es werden die zeitlichen Anderungen des intramolekularen Anregungszustandes in einer ein-dimensionalen molekularen Kette untersucht, wobei deren Deformierbarkeit berucksichtigt wird. Es wird gezeigt, das die Anregung der Kette, die durch eine lokale Deformation begleitet ist, sich gleichformig langs der Kette bewegen kann, wobei die Grose des angeregten Bereichs konstant bleibt. Diese Anregungen in ein-dimensionalen Molekulketten konnen partikel-ahnliche Exzitonen oder solitare Exzitonen genannt werden.

396 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, anisotropic reduced masses and hole masses and the energy gaps are deduced from the shift of the reflection maxima in dependence on the magnetic field (H ‖ c, H ⊥ c).
Abstract: In magnetic fields up to 50 kOe and for photon energies greater than the band gaps for light polarized with E ⊥ c and E ‖ c oscillatory changes of reflectivity are observed on ZnO-crystals at helium temperatures. The anisotropic reduced masses and hole masses and the energy gaps are deduced from the shift of the reflection maxima in dependence on the magnetic field (H ‖ c, H ⊥ c). The influence of the Coulomb interaction of holes and electrons and the electron-phonon interaction on the Landau levels are discussed. The results are compared with the valence band structure of wurtzite type crystals and the band parameters of ZnO previously reported. Im Magnetfeld bis zu 50 kOe beobachtet man in ZnO bei Heliumtemperatur fur Photonenenergien groser als die Bandabstande fur E ⊥ c und E ‖ c oszillierende Anderungen des Reflexionsvermogens. Aus der Verschiebung der Reflexionsmaxima in Abhangigkeit vom Magnetfeld (H ‖ c, H ⊥ c) werden die anisotropen reduzierten Massen und Lochermassen und die Bandabstande bestimmt. Dabei werden der Einfluls der Coulombwechselwirkung von Lochern und Elektronen und der Elektron-Phonon-Wechselwirkung auf die Landau-Niveaus berucksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit der Valenzbandstruktur von Wurtzit-kristallen und den bisher bekannten Bandparametern verglichen.

281 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic constants of polycrystals and similar disordered materials are calculated and exact formal solutions for the effective tensors of the elastic constant and of the compliances are given by an expansion in powers of the anisotropy.
Abstract: The elastic constants of polycrystals and similar disordered materials are calculated. Exact formal solutions for the effective tensors of the elastic constants and of the compliances are given. Analytical approximations are derived by an expansion in powers of the anisotropy. Using the t-matrixmethod of scattering theory better approximations are obtained for highly anisotropic materials. Especially two new approximations are given, representing upper and lower bounds for the effective constants.

274 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Harmonic terms of the elastic free energy of a solid are used to locate a surface of instability or "strain spinodal" and these regions are proposed as the primary nucleation sites for martensitic transformations.
Abstract: Anharmonic terms of the elastic free energy of a solid are used to locate a surface of instability or “strain spinodal”. The strains near lattice defects bring some regions close to the strain spinodal causing a rapid change in local elastic properties and resulting in localized “soft mode” centers. These regions are proposed as the primary nucleation sites for martensitic transformations. A number of experiments are proposed to test the physical aspects of the theory and some recent evidence is cited supporting several features of the model. Les termes an harmoniques de ľenergie libre elastique d'un solide sont employes pour localizer une surface instable de „contrainte spinodale”. Les contraintes pres des defauts du reseau amenent quelques regions pres de la contrainte spinodale, et causent un changement rapide dans les proprietes elastiques locaux, resultant dans des centres localizes „mode douce”. Ces regions sont proposees comme les sites primaires de nucleation pour les transformations martensitiques. Un nombre d'experiences sont proposees pour verifier les aspects physiques de la theorie et quelque evidence recente est citee pour supporter plusieurs traits du modele.

197 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the lattice vibrations of Mg2SiO4 forsterite single crystal have been studied using infrared and Raman techniques, and the site symmetry method allows to study the degeneracy lifting of the silicate ion vibrational levels and to assign the modes of vibration (45 infrared active modes and 36 Raman active modes), as internal or external.
Abstract: The lattice vibrations of Mg2SiO4 forsterite single crystal have been studied using infrared and Raman techniques. The site symmetry method allows to study the degeneracy lifting of the silicate ion vibrational levels and to assign the modes of vibration (45 infrared active modes and 36 Raman active modes), as internal or external. The analysis of the reflectivity data between 150 and 10000 cm−l by classical dispersion theory allows to find the oscillator parameter values. Most of the infrared lattice bands could be identified. All the predicted modes have been observed in the Raman spectra and the vl1 v2, and v4 lines have been identified. For some modes, specially in the low frequency range, the difference between internal and external modes is not obvious, taking into account the SiO4 tetrahedra deformation. Nous avons etudie, par reflexion infrarouge et diffusion Raman. les vibrations de reseau d'un monocristal de forsterite Mg,Si04. La mkthode du site nous a permis d'etudier la levee de degenbrescence des vibrations de l'ion silicate e t de classer les modes (35 actifs infrarouge et 36 actifs Raman) en internes e t externes. L'analyse des spectres de reflexion observks entre 150 et 10000 cm−l par les relations classiques de dispersion nous a permis de determiner les parametres associbs aux modes B1u, B2u B3u et Bsu. Nous avons interprkte la majeure partie des modes infrarouge. Par diffusion Raman, nous avons observe la totalite des raies prkvues e t nous avons identifik les modes issus de v1,v2 e t v4. Pour certains modes, notamment de basse frequence, la distinction entre modes externes et internes doit dtre nuanche, compte tenu de la deformation des tetraedres SiO4.

166 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electron hopping in presence of both an electric field and a temperature gradient is considered, and the transport coefficients are obtained and the temperature dependence of the hopping thermopower is discussed for different temperature regions.
Abstract: The electron hopping in presence of both an electric field and a temperature gradient is considered. Expressions for the transport coefficients are obtained, and the temperature dependence of the hopping thermopower is discussed for different temperature regions.

145 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that a strong contrast may arise in dark-field electron microscope images between two crystal parts related by an inversion operation, as a result of the violation of Friedel's law.
Abstract: It is shown that a strong contrast may arise in dark-field electron microscope images between two crystal parts related by an inversion operation, as a result of the violation of Friedel's law. Friedel's law is violated only in the diffracted beam and only in cases where a multiple-beam situation prevails. Moreover the excited reflections must belong to B zone which reveals the non-centrosymmetrical character of the crystal. The interfaces between two domains related by an inversion operation, which are proposed to call inversion boundaries are imaged by α-like fringes which nevertheless have properties which differ somewhat from those of pure α-fringes. These considerations are applied to the domain structure observed in the γ-phase. In this case the inversion boundaries separate regions which have suffered displacements as well. It is shown that the displacement vector of such boundaries can be given an unambiguous meaning, although strictly speaking the structures in the two parts cannot be derived one from the other by means of a parallel displacement. It is demonstrated in a concrete case that the observed contrast can be accounted for by a four. beam calculation. Es wird gezeigt, das ein starker Kontrast auftreten kann im Dunkelfeld-Elektronenmikroskop zwischen zwei Kristallteilen, die als Ergebnis der Verletzung des Friedelschen Gesetzes durch eine Inversionsoperation verknupft sind. Das Friedelsche Gesetz wird nur im gebeugten Strahl und nur in Fallen, wo eine Mehrstrahlsituation vorherrscht, verletzt. Daruberhinaus mussen die angeregten Reflexe zu einer Zone gehoren, die den nieht-zentro-symmetrischen Charakter des Kristalls aufzeigt. Die Grenzflachen zwischen zwei Domanen, die durch eine Inversionsoperation verknupft sind und fur die der Name Inversions-Grenze vorgeschlagen wird, werden durch α-ahnliche Streifen abgebildet, die trotzdem Eigenschaften haben, die etwas von denen reiner α-Streifen abweichen. Diese Betrachtungen werden auf die Domanenstruktur angewendet, die in der γ-Phase beobachtet wurde. In diesem Falle trennen die Inversionsgrenzen Gebiete, die ebenfalls Verschiebungen erfahren hatten. Es wird gezeigt, das dem Verschiebungsvektor derartiger Grenzen eine bestimmte Bedeutung gegeben werden kann, obwohl streng genommen die Strukturen in den beiden Teilen nicht von einander durch eine parallele Verschiebung abgeleitet werden konnen. In einem konkreten Fall wird gezeigt, das der beobachtete Kontrast durch eine Vierstrahlberechnung erklart werden kann.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a re-examination of their work shows that the sharp edges, found hitherto, may be artifacts resulting from either experimental or calculational errors and that the preponderance of the current evidence favors a gradual absorption edge.
Abstract: Several investigators have analyzed optical data on amorphous Ge films prepared by evaporation on room-temperature substrates to derive a sharp absorption edge near 0.5 eV. A re-examination of their work shows that the sharp edges, found hitherto, may be artifacts resulting from either experimental or calculational errors and that the preponderance of the current evidence favors a gradual absorption edge. Von einigen Autoren wurden die optischen Daten von amorphen Ge-Schichten, die durch Aufdampfen bei Zimmertemperatur hergestellt wurden, analysiert und daraus eine scharfe Absorptionskante bei 0,5 eV abgeleitet. Eine wiederholte Untersuchung ihrer Arbeiten zeigt, das die scharfen Kanten, die bisher gefunden wurden, Fehleffekte sein konnen, die entweder von experimentellen oder rechnerischen Fehlern herruhren und das die Mehrzahl der gegen wartigen Hinweise fur eine allmahlich ansteigende Absorptionskante spricht.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that a triggered ferroelectric phase transition could be triggered by an instability of the crystal with respect to another phase transition parameter η, and the symmetry change due to TFT is discussed.
Abstract: It, is suggested that a ferroelectric phase transition could be triggered by an instability of the crystal with respect to another phase transition parameter η. The spontaneous polarization P and spontaneous η may occur either successively or simultaneously (at the same temperature), the latter case being always a first order phase transition. The necessary condition for the existence of a triggered ferroelectric phase transition (TFT) is that η2 P2 is the lowest order interaction term in the free energy expansion. The symmetry change due to TFT is discussed. Es wird gezeigt, das ein ferroolektrischer Phasenubergang durch eine Instabilitat des Kristalls bezuglich eines anderen Phasenubergangsparameters η ausgelost werden kann Die spontane Polarisation P und das spontane η konnen entweder sukzessiv oder simultan (bei der gleichen Temperatur) auftreten, wobei der zweite Fall immer ein Phasenubergang erster Ordnung ist. Die notwendige Bedingung fur die Existenz eines getriggerten ferroelektrischen Phasenubrrgangs (TFT) ist, das η2 P2 der Wechselwirkungsterm niedrigster Ordnung in der Entwicklung der freien Energic ist., Die Symmetrieanderung infolge des TFT wird diskutiert.

114 citations





Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured self-diffusion in silver single crystals at temperatures between 270 and 500 °C and found that the Arrhenius plot is curved owing to a large divacancy contribution.
Abstract: Self-diffusion in silver single crystals was measured at temperatures between 270 and 500 °C. The diffusion coefficients were in the range of 3×10−18 to 2×10−13 cm2/s. The results indicate that the Arrhenius plot is curved owing to a large divacancy contribution and that the activation energy for diffusion by divacancies is temperature dependent due to a partial dissociation of the divacancies. The best values of the parameters for diffusion by monovacancies are Do= 0.041 cm2/s, Q = 1.76 eV.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the empirical pseudopotential method is used to compute the band structure, density of states, and reflectivity of hexagonal zinc oxide, and the local approximation is assumed, on the basis of recent photoemission experiments which showed that the zinc core 3d band lies deep below the valence band.
Abstract: The empirical pseudopotential method is used to compute the band structure, density of states, and reflectivity of hexagonal zinc oxide. The local approximation is assumed, on the basis of recent photoemission experiments which showed that the zinc core 3d band lies deep below the valence band. The calculation succeeds in identifying the reflectivity peaks, but gives stronger amplitudes than are observed, and these identifications are shown to fit well into the systematics of the other three zinc chalcogenides. Reasonable agreement is also obtained with the experimental locations of the maxima in the density of states and with the large value of the valence bandwidth.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The oscillatory magnetoresistance (Shubnikov-de Haas effect) was observed on n-type Bi2See single crystals between 1.6 and 4.2 K as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The oscillatory magnetoresistance (Shubnikov-de Haas effect) was observed on n-type Bi2See single crystals between 1.6 and 4.2 K. The electron concentrations ranged from about 4 × 1017 to 4 × 1019 cm−3. Stationary magnetic fields up to 10.5 T were available. The angular dependence of the Shubnikov-de Haas periods revealed an almost rotational symmetry of the Fermi surface around the kc = 0 a parabolic e(k⊥) relation is found, parallel to the kc-axis an increasing nonparabolicity is evaluated. Only above 1019 electrons/cm3 the deviation of the shape of the Fermi surface from that of an ellipsoid of rotational symmetry becomes significant. The cyclotron mass mc perpendicular to the kc-axis (B ‖c) is determined to be 0.124 m0 in the whole concentration range. Fermi energies are evaluated up to 160 meV. The single-valley model for the lowest conduction band of Bi2See is confirmed. Der oszillatorische Anteil der magnetischen Widerstandsanderung (Shubnikov-de Haas-Effekt) wurde an n-leitenden Bi2See-Einkristallen zwischen 1,6 und 4,2 K beobachtet. Die Elektronenkonzentrationen lagen im Bereich von etwa 4 × 1017 bis 4 × 1019 cm−3. Stationare Magnetfelder bis 10,5 T standen zur Verfugung. Die Winkelabhangigkeit der Shubnikov-de Haas-Periodenlies eine um die kc-Achse nahezu rotationssymmetrische Form des Fermi-Korpers mit geringer Verzerrung von dreizahliger Symmetrie erkennen. Senkrecht zur kc-Achse fur kc = 0 wurde ein parabolischer e(k⊥)-Verlauf, parallel zur kc-Achse eine zunehmende Nichtparabolizitat gefunden. Erst bei Konzentrationen uber 1019 cm−3 wird die Abweichung der Gestalt des Fermi-Korpers von der eines Rotationsellipsoids wesentlich. Die Zyklotronmasse mc senkrecht zur kc-Achse (B ‖ c) wurde im gesamted Konzentrationsbereich zu 0,124 m0 bestimmt. Fermienergien bis zu 160 meV wurden gefunden. Das Ein-Valley-Modell fur das energetisch tiefste Leitungsband von Bi2Se3 wurde bestatigt.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the dispersion of ordinary and extraordinary phonon-like surface polaritons on α-quartz has been measured on two crystallographic faces parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis in the frequency range 350 to 1200 cm−1, covering all reststrahlen bands except the two lowest for polarization perpendicular to optical axis.
Abstract: The dispersion of ordinary and extraordinary phonon-like surface polaritons on α-quartz has been measured on two crystallographic faces parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis in the frequency range 350 to 1200 cm−1, covering all reststrahlen bands except the two lowest for polarization perpendicular to the optical axis The method used was the attenuated total reflection method for transverse magnetic polarized radiation The results are in very good agreement with theoretical calculations of the dispersion curves, using literature values for the freguencies of transverse and longitudinal optical phonons Cut-off wave vectors for so called “virtual excitation” surface polaritons are observed in agreement with theory [Russian Text Ignored]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the linear superlattice distorsion of periodicity 6 × 2.88 A, which was recently observed by X-ray diffuse scattering in the one dimensional conductors of the type K2Pt(CN)4Br0.30 · x H2O, looses progressively its one-dimensional character for temperatures lower than 120 °K.
Abstract: It is shown that the linear superlattice distorsion of periodicity 6 × 2.88 A, which was recently observed by X-ray diffuse scattering in the one dimensional conductors of the type K2Pt(CN)4Br0.30 · x H2O, looses progressively its one-dimensional character for temperatures lower than 120 °K. This seems to announce a phase transition at a temperature lower than 77 °K leading to a unit cell 3 c × 2 a × 2 a, referring to the room temperature parameters. It is suggested that this phase transition arises from the condensation of the lowest frequency longitudinal soft modes due to a giant “Kohn anomaly”. On montre que la distorsion lineaire de periode 6 × 2,88 A, qui a ete recemment observee a la temperatme ambiante par diffusion des rayons x dans les conducteurs a une dimension du type K2Pt(CN)4Br0,30 · x H2O, perd progressivement son caractere unidimensionnel pour des temperatures inferieures a 120 °K. Ceci semble annoncer une transition de phase a une temperature inferieure a 77 °K conduisant a une maille de multiplicitye 2a × 2a × 3c si on se referre a la maille stable a la temperature ambiante. On suggere que cette transition de phase provient de la condensation du mode mou longitudinal de plus basse frequence du a une „anomalie de Kohn” geante.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the elastic constants and the Raman frequencies of the difluorides XF2 with X = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn have been calculated for a rigid ion model with an effective ionic charge and with first and second nearest neighbor central force short range interaction.
Abstract: The elastic constants and the infrared and Raman frequencies of the difluorides XF2 with X = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn have been calculated for a rigid ion model with an effective ionic charge and with first and second nearest neighbor central force short range interaction. Explicit expressions for the elastic constants are given with the internal strain contributions expressed in terms of the Raman frequencies. The nine parameters of the model are determined from the three equilibrium conditions and from least squares fits over some or all available experimental elastic and optical data. The model is able to account well for the magnitude of the experimental data and for their almost monotonic decrease with increasing cation radius, but the calculated deviations from the Cauchy relations are smaller than the observed values. Die elastischen Konstanten sowie die Frequenzen der ultrarot- und Raman-aktiven Schwingungen wurdenfur die Difluoride XF2 mit X = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn auf der Grundlage des Modells starrer Ionen mit einer effektiven Ladung und mit kurzreichweitigen Zentralkraften zwischen nachsten und ubernachstsn Nachbarn berechnet. Es werden explizite Gleichungen fur die elastischen Konstanten angegeben, wobei der Beitrag der inneren Verzcrrungen durch die Raman-aktiven Frequenzen ausgedruckt wird. Die neun Parameter des Modells wurden mittels der drei Gleichgewichtsbedingungen und mittels der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate aus einem Teil oder ails samtlichen verfugbaren experimentellen elastischen und optischen Daten bestimmt. Der Betrag der experimentellen Grosen sowie ihre beinahe monotone Abnahme mit zunehmendem Kationenradius werden durch das Modell gut beschrieben, jedoch sind die berechneten Abweichungen von den Cauchy-Relationen kleiner als die beobachteten Werte.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the deformation potential scattering probability per unit time for hole-deformation potential (acoustic and optical) scattering mechanism and for the hole-ionized impurity scattering mechanism for a typical two-band (Ev1 and Ev2) valence band structure, spherical and parabolique.
Abstract: The integrated scattering probabilities per unit time for the hole-deformation potential (acoustic and optical) scattering mechanism, and for the hole-ionized impurity scattering mechanism have been evaluated for a typical two-band (Ev1 and Ev2)valence band structure, spherical and parabolic. The wave functions of the two bands are mostly p-like, the first (P3/2, M±1/2), the second (P3/2, M±3/2). The symmetry properties of the valence band wave functions are shown to introduce the following effects: (1) To scale down of about a factor two the transition rate for the acoustic and optical deformation potential scattering mechanisms with respect to the case in which an s-like symmetry is assumed for the band wave functions. (2) To correct in a non-trivial manner the transition rate for the ionized impurity scattering mechanism, leading to a decoupling effect of the two bands by increasing the hole energy. This decoupling effect opposes the otherwise strong coupling for the transitions from Ev2 to Ev1 found for the acoustic and optical deformation potential scattering mechanisms. On a calculee les probabilityees de transition pour les mecanismes trou-potentiel de deformation (acoustique et optique) et trou-impwite ionizee pour une double bande de valence (Ev1 et Ev2) spherique et parabolique. Les fonctions d'onde des bandes eant predominant du type p, la premiere (P3/2, M±1/2), la seconde (P3/2, M±3/2). On a trouve que les proprietes de symmetrie des fonction d'onde de la bande de valence joue le suivant role, (1) de reduire d'un facteur environ deux la probabilitye de transition pur les mecanismes trou-potentiel de deformation (acoustique et optiqne) comparativement au resultats avec fonctiones d'onde de symmetrie du type s; (2) de corriger en facon pas-banal la probabilitye de transition pour le mecanisme trou-impurite ionizee, et de provoquer le desaccouplement des deux bandes de valence en augmentant l'energie des troux. C'est effect est contraire a ceu du mecanisme du potentiel de deformation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A further synthesis of the sextic and integral theories for the elastic fields of line forces and dislocations in anisotropic media is made in this article, where expressions derived for the distortions and displacements are believed to be the most convenient ones for purposes of numerical computation.
Abstract: A further synthesis of the sextic and the integral theories for the elastic fields of line forces and dislocations in anisotropio media is made. The expressions derived for the distortions and displacements are believed to be the most convenient ones for purposes of numerical computation. In addition expressions are given for the derivatives of the field quantities for use in Lothe-Brown-Indenbom-Orlov theorems which allow for the construction of three dimensional fields from two dimensional data. Some numerical examples for cubic media are included. Es wird eine weitere Synthese der sechsdimensionalen Theorie (“Sextio”) und der Integral-theorien fur die elastischen Felder der Linienkrafte und Versetzungen in anisotropen Medien durchgefuhrt. Es wird angenommen, das die fur die Verzerrungen und Verschiebungen abgeleiteten Ausdrucke die geeignetsten fur numerische Rechnungen sind. Zusatzlioh werden Ausdrucke fur die Ableitungen der Feldgrosen fur den Gebrauch in den Lothe-Brown-Indenbom-Theoremen gegeben, die die Konstruktion dreidimensionaler Felder aus zweidimensionalen Werten gestatten. Einige numerische Beispiele fur kubische Medien werden eingeschlossen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the density of valence states of the II-VI compounds ZnTe, CdSe and CdTe were determined with far uv (h v = 21.2 and 40.8 eV) photoemission.
Abstract: The density of valence states of the II–VI compounds ZnTe, CdSe, CdTe, HgSe, and HgTe have been determined with far uv (h v = 21.2 and 40.8 eV) photoemission (UPS). Although the upper portions of the valence bands are found to have shapes in qualitative agreement with theory, they are consistently 1 to 2 eV wider than predicted. With the high resolution obtainable in uv photoemission, the shapes of the d-bands of the cation can be resolved to permit an accurate determination of their positions relative to the top of the valence band and their spin-orbit splittings. The “apparent” spin-orbit splittings of the uppermost d-orbitals of Zn and Cd are found to be 50% larger in the metallic form then in the compounds. Die Dichte der Valenzzustande der II-VI-Verbindungen ZnTe, CdSe, CdTe, HgSe und HgTe wurden mittels W-Photoemission (UPS)(h v = 21,2 und 40,8 eV) bestimmt. Obwohl gefunden wird, das die oberen Teile der Valenzbander sich in qualitativer Ubereinstimmung mit der Theorie befinden, Bind sie einheitlich 1 bis 2 eV breiter als vorhergesagt. Mit der hohen Auflosung in der UV-Photoemission lassen sich die Form der d-Bander des Kations auflosen und erlauben eine genaue Bestimmung ihrer Lage relativ zum oberen Rand des Valenzbandes und ihrer Spin-Bahn-Aufspaltungen. Die „acheinbaren” Spin-Bahn-Aufspaltungen der hochsten d-Orbitale von Zn und Cd sind in der metallischen Form 50% groser als in den Verbindungen.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the emission spectra of CdSe crystals under the excitation in the region of fundamental absorption with the HeNe laser line λ = 6328 A have been studied at temperatures 4.2 to 300 °K.
Abstract: The emission spectra of CdSe crystals under the excitation in the region of fundamental absorption with the HeNe laser line λ = 6328 A have been studied at temperatures 4.2 to 300 °K. A set of narrow emission lines shifted by the energies of an integer number of LO phonons to lower energies from the exciting line has been observed in the region of fundamental absorption. No emission line has been observed at the position shifted by l LO. The intensity of LO-shifted lines drastically decreases with increasing crystal temperature. It is shown that this temperature dependence and the comparable intensity of multiphonon lines cannot be explained on the basis of a resonant Raman scattering model. The observed line emission was assigned to a luminescence of hot excitons. The latter model can explain both thermal quenching of emission and intensity distribution in the spectrum. In the emission spectra of mechanically polished samples a defect activated 1 LO emission line has been observed. This line is due to the indirect exciton transitions without phonon participation in the partially disordered surface layer. Besides the line structure, the continuous emission background has been observed in the region of fundamental absorption. This background forms the high energy exponential tail of the quasi-equilibrium exciton emission line n = 1 A and can be considered as Urbach region of the exciton emission spectrum. Es wurden die Emissionsspektren von CdSe-Kristallen bei Anregung im Bereich der Grundgitterabsorption mit der HeNe-Laserlinie λ = 6328 A im Temperaturbereich 4,2 bis 300 °K untersucht. Eine Anzahl von schmalen Emissionslinien, deren Energie um ganzzahlige Vielfache der LO-Phononen von der Anregungslinie zu niedrigen Energien verschoben sind, wurden im Gebiet der Grundgitterabsorption beobachtet. Am Ort der Verschiebung um 1 LO wurde keine Emissionslinie beobachtet. Die Intensitat der LO- verschobenen Linien nimmt stark mit steigender Kristalltemperatur ab. Es wird gezeigt, das die Temperaturabhangigkeit und die relative Intensitat der Multiphononlinien auf der Basis eines resonanten Raman-Streuungsmodells nicht erklart werden konnen. Die beobachtete Linienemission wird als Lumineszenz heiser Exzitonen angesehen. Das letztere Modell kann sowohl die thermische Tilgung der Emission als auch die Intensitatsverteilung des Spektrums erklaren. Im Emissionsspektrum von mechanisch polierten Proben wurde eine storstellenaktivierte 1 LO-Emissionslinie beobachtet. Diese Linie ruhrt von indirekten Exzitonenubergangen ohne Phononenbeteiligung in der teilweise fehlgeordneten Oberflachenschicht her. Xeben der Linienstruktur wurde der kontinuierliche Untergrund im Bereich der Grundgitterabsorption untersucht. Dieser Untergrund bildet den hochenergetischen exponentiellen Auslaufer der Quasigleichgewichts-Exzitonenemissionslinie n = 1 A und kann als Urbach-Bereich des Exzitonen-Emissionsspektrums angesehen werden.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the resonant Raman enhancement in GaSe was analyzed at various temperatures (80 to 400 K) and the far-infrared transmittance was obtained in the energy range from 10 to 30 cm−1.
Abstract: Raman scattering spectra of GaSe were examined at various temperatures (80 to 400 K) and the far-infrared transmittance was obtained in the energy range from 10 to 30 cm−1. It is shown that the band at 20 cm−1 is both Raman- and infrared-active. Results of the resonant Raman enhancement in GaSe indicates that the Raman band at 250 cm−1 is due to a LO mode. Comparison between the Raman spectrum of GaSe and that of Gas confirms this. These facts can be explained by considering the hexagonal GaSe as the ϵ-type which lacks inversion centre. Six Raman bands observed in GaSe are assigned to normal modes on the basis of the ϵ-type. An E′ (TO) mode is degenerated accidentally with an E″ mode at 211 cm−1.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new model of impurity diffusion in f.c. metals is described, where the binding energy between impurity and vacancy is calculated from the different jump frequencies of a matrix atom in the neighbourhood of the impurity atom, and temperature dependence of the correlation factor is determined from calculated jump frequencies using Le Claire's approximation method.
Abstract: A new model of the impurity diffusion in f.c.c. metals is described. A relation for the difference of the vacancy migration energies ΔHM□ of the impurity atom and the matrix atom is developed: Tm and T are the melting temperatures of the matrix and the foreign metal and HM□ is the vacancy migration energy in the matrix metal. – ΔHM□, the binding energy between impurity and vacancy is calculated from the different jump frequencies of a matrix atom in the neighbourhood of the impurity atom: ΔHM□ = 0.17 ΔHM□ The temperature dependence of the correlation factor is determined from the calculated jump frequencies using Le Claire's approximation method. Es wird ein neues Modell der Verunreinigungsdiffusion in k.f.z.-Metallen beschrieben. Fur ΔHM□ die Differenz der Leerstellenwanderungsenergien von Fremd- und Matrixatom, wird der Zusammenhang entwickelt. Tm und J sind die Schmelztemperaturen des Matrix- bzw. Fremdmetalls. – ΔHM□. die Bindungsenergie zwischen Fremdatom und Leerstelle, wird aus den unter-schiedlichen Sprungfrequenzen des Matrixatoms in der Umgebung des Fremdatoms be-rechnet zu ΔHM□ = 0,17 ΔHM□. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Korrelationsfaktors wird unter Verwendung der berechneten Sprunghaufigkeiten mit Hilfe des Le Claireschen Naherungsverfahrens berechnet.

Journal ArticleDOI
J. F. Graczyk1, P. Chaudhari1
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of Ge films was investigated via a scanning electron diffraction instrument with electron energy filtering, and the radial distribution functions of all films are very similar and exhibit strong correlation peaks at 2.45, 4.00, and (4.85 ± 0.075) A with coordinations of 4, 12, and ≈ 7, respectively.
Abstract: The structure of Ge films evaporated by several methods onto room temperature substrates of NaCl and films which have been ion implanted with 3 × 1015, 30 to 40 ke V Ge74 has been investigated via a scanning electron diffraction instrument with electron energy filtering. The radial distribution functions of all films are very similar and exhibit strong correlation peaks at 2.45, 4.00, and (4.85 ± 0.075) A with coordinations of 4, 12, and ≈ 7, respectively. The remaining major peaks for higher r deviate substantially from the diamond cubic form of Ge. From the RDF analysis a density ratio ϱ0/ϱcryst of 0.86 to 0.95 is determined. Thermal anneal experiments showed that the films may be annealed to a density of ≈0.97 of crystalline density without crystallization. Amorphous films which have been ion implanted with the same energy and dose as the polycrystalline films show a considerable concentration of pores and voids of a maximum diameter of 100 A. The RDF, however, is identical to the as-deposited film with the exception of some changes in the correlation for r greater than 11 A. Die Struktur dunner Ge-Schichten, die auf verschiedene Arten auf NaCl-Trager bei Zimmertemperatur aufgedampft wurden und die mit 3 × 1015 (30 bis 40 keV) Ge74-Ionen beschossen wurden, wird mit Hilfe einer Abtastelektronenbeugungsanlage mit Elektronenenergiefilter untersucht. Die Atomverteilungskurven (RDF) aller Schichten sind sich sehr ahnlich und zeigen starke Korrelationsmaxima bei 2,45; 4,00 und (4,85 ± 0,075) A mit Koordinationszahlen von 4, 12 bzw. ≈7. Die ubrigen Hauptmaxima fur grosere r unterscheiden sich bedeutend von denen des (Diamant)kubischen Ge. Mit Hilfe der Atomverteilungsanalyse (RDF) wird das Dichteverhaltnis (ϱ0/ϱkrist) zu 0,86 bis 0,95 ermittelt. Heizversuche zeigten, das die Schichten ohne Kristallbildung bis zur Kristalldichte von 0,97 getempert werden konnten. Amorphe Schichten, die mit Ionen gleicher Energie und Dosis wie polykristalline Schichten beschossen wurden, enthielten eine hohe Konzentration von Poren und Hohlraumen mit maximalem Durchmesser von 100 A. Die Atomverteilungskurven (RDF) dieser Schichten und der aufgedampften sind bis auf kleine Anderungen in den Korrelationsmaxima fur r groser als 11 A identisch.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The linear magnetic birefringence of the iron-group difluorides (rutile-type) has been determined between 5 and 700 K as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The linear optical birefringence of the iron-group difluorides (rutile-type) has been determined between 5 and 700 K. A magnetic contribution to the birefringence occurs during the ordering of the antiferromagnetic compounds MnF2, FeF2, CoF2, and the weak ferromagnetic NiF2; the linear magnetic birefringence (LMB) can be well separated from the temperature dependent natural optical anisotropy. Both the magnetic short-range as well as the long-range order contribute to the LMB. The temperature derivative of the LMB follows the course of the magnetic specific heat to a very good degree. It is shown that this proportionality is to be expected if all spin pair correlation functions exhibit the same temperature behaviour. Whether this condition is valid for the lattice distortions is discussed using the existing structural data. Assuming the observed LMB is mainly due to spontaneous lattice distortions, the influence of the fluorine parameter seems to play an important role. An den Difluoriden der Eisenreihe wurde zwischen 5 und 700 K der Verlauf der linearen Doppelbrechung bestimmt. Der bei den Antiferromagneten MnF2, FeF2, CoF2 sowie beim schwachen Ferromagneten NiF2 gefundene magnetische Beitrag zur Doppelbrechung (LMB) ist gut vom Temperaturverlauf der naturlichen optischen Anisotropie zu trennen. Magnetische Nah- und Fernordnung tragen zur LMB bei. Die gefundene magnetische Doppelbrechung, nach der Temperatur differenziert, stimmt ausgezeichnet mit dem Verlauf der magnetischen spezifischen Warme uberein. Es wird gezeigt, das diese Proportionalitat zu erwarten ist, wenn alle Spm-Paar-Korrelationen gleiches Temperaturverhalten aufweisen. Die Gultigkeit dieser Bedingung auch fur die Gitterdeformationen wird an Hand vorliegender Strukturdaten gepruft.

Journal ArticleDOI
S. M. Hu1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored more quantitatively certain required characteristics of the potential of the saddle point potential and showed that the impurity-vacancy saddle point interaction potential will not affect QA, contrary to common concept.
Abstract: An intuitive concept was proposed earlier by the author that for the activation energy of impurity diffusion in the diamond lattice to be smaller than that of self diffusion, there must exist a long-range vacancy-impurity interaction potential The present work explores more quantitatively certain required characteristics of the potential The relationship between the activation energies of impurity diffusion and of self diffusion, QA and QB, respectively, is approximately given by QA ≈ QB − u(r3), where u(r3) is the potential when the vacancy is at the third coordination site of the impurity atom Most of known physical models of interaction do not satisfy the required characteristics of u(r), leaving that of the extended vacancy as a probable one Irrespective of the interaction potential, the relationship between the migration energies of the simple vacancy and the vacancy-impurity complex, H and H, respectively, is simply given by H = H + QB − QA − Eb, where Eb is the binding energy Utilizing this relationship and published experimental data of impurity diffusion, the migration energy of simple vacancy in silicon is found to be N (05 ± 01) eV It is also shown that the impurity-vacancy saddle point potential will not affect QA, contrary to common concept