Showing papers in "Plant Cell Reports in 1981"
TL;DR: In this paper, an excellent new medium was developed for the production of shikonin derivatives by suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, M-9.
Abstract: An excellent new medium was developed for the production of shikonin derivatives by suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. We investigated the effects of all the components of White's medium on the production of these derivatives. Nitrate, phosphate, copper, sulfate and sucrose had especially marked effects. With the new, M-9, medium produced from these studies the yield of shikonin derivatives was 1400 mg/l and the yield for dried cells was about 12%, whereas it was 120 mg/l, or about 2% with White's medium.
222 citations
TL;DR: Shikonin derivatives were produced from cell suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon for the first time as mentioned in this paper, and the results of studies on various culture media showed that the type of nitrogen source in the medium greatly influenced the production of these derivatives.
Abstract: Shikonin derivatives were produced from cell suspension cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon for the first time The results of studies on various culture media showed that the type of nitrogen source in the medium greatly influenced the production of these derivatives When nitrate was the nitrogen source, stable production of shikonin derivatives by the cell suspension culture took place We also found that ammonium as the nitrogen source conspicuously inhibited the production of shikonin derivatives
215 citations
TL;DR: Twelve indole alkaloids belonging to the Ajmaline-, Sarpagine-, Yohimbine-, and Heteroyohimbines-type have been isolated and identified from cell suspension cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina and for the first time in cultured R. serpentina cells.
Abstract: Twelve indole alkaloids belonging to the Ajmaline-, Sarpagine-, Yohimbine-, and Heteroyohimbine-type have been isolated and identified from cell suspension cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina. Ten of the alkaloids were found for the first time in cultured R. serpentina cells. The yield of the main alkaloid vomilenine was 51 times more than that of differentiated plants. Crude enzymes isolated from this cell suspension culture completely metabolize the biogenetic precursor strictosidine under formation of several alkaloidal compounds.
58 citations
TL;DR: In vitro regeneration of plants from immature leaflets of 3 day-old pea seedlings was studied under defined nutritional, hormonal and environmental conditions and shoot regeneration from the primary callus occurred within 45 to 90 days of culture in most of the hormone combinations.
Abstract: In vitro regeneration of plants from immature leaflets of 3 day-old pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Century) seedlings was studied under defined nutritional, hormonal and environmental conditions. Immature leaflets isolated from the second and third apical leaves of aseptically germinated seeds were cultured on MS medium containing vitamins as in B5 medium, 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and supplemented with 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 and 10 μM levels of benzyladenine (BA) in various combinations. Shoot regeneration from the primary callus occurred within 45 to 90 days of culture in most of the hormone combinations. Although the number of calli producing shoots was maximal at 10 μM levels of NAA and BA, multiple shoot regeneration was predominant at a combination of 0.1 μM NAA and 10 μM BA. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (K), both at 10 μM, also induced shoot regeneration. No shoots were regenerated when 10 day-old leaflets were used as explants. Root production generally occurred on non-shoot regenerating calli. Roots were induced to differentiate by transferring the regenerated shoots onto half-strength B5 medium supplemented with 1 μM NAA.
55 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of 76 cell clones derived from one leaf of a periwinkle plant showed the occurrence of Corynanthe, Strychnos, and Aspidosperma-type alkaloids, and the majority of clones displayed compounds of all three types.
Abstract: Analysis of 76 cell clones derived from one leaf of a periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) showed the occurrence of Corynanthe-, Strychnos-, and Aspidosperma-type alkaloids. The majority of clones (62%) displayed compounds of all three types. Variation of the alkaloid spectra of the cell clones was low when compared to that found previously with serially subcultured callus and cell suspensions derived from different plants.
51 citations
TL;DR: Shoot cultures of Digitalis lanata have been established by inoculating the shoot tip of seedlings germinated in aseptic culture, or of field-grown plants, onto Linsmaier and Skoog's RM medium supplemented with 1 mg 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg indolacetic acid.
Abstract: Shoot cultures of Digitalis lanata have been established by inoculating the shoot tip of seedlings germinated in aseptic culture, or of field-grown plants, onto Linsmaier and Skoog's RM medium supplemented with 1 mg 6-benzylaminopurine and 01 mg indolacetic acid 1−1 On this medium formation of up to 30 new axillary shoots could be induced Shoots could be grown into functional plants after root induction on a medium containing reduced amounts (one-fifth of normal) of nitrogen and indolebutyric acid (05 mg 1−1)
43 citations
TL;DR: Cytokinins were extracted from plasmodia and from the remaining host cytoplasm and the different glucosides were determined after treatment of the water fraction with β-glucosidase.
Abstract: Plasmodia have been isolated from Brassica campestris tissue infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae. Cytokinins were extracted from plasmodia and from the remaining host cytoplasm. Fractions were separated in a butanol soluble fraction containing free cytokinins and a water soluble fraction containing bound forms, presumably glucose-6-phosphate derivatives of zeatin and zeatin riboside. The butanol fraction was analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The different glucosides were determined after treatment of the water fraction with β-glucosidase.
40 citations
TL;DR: It was found that the dye was not taken up by all protoplasts except in the presence of a detergent and that the staining of the nuclei was pH- and concentration-dependent.
Abstract: A method for staining nuclei in unfixed protoplasts using Hoechst 33258 is described. It was found that the dye was not taken up by all protoplasts except in the presence of a detergent and that the staining of the nuclei was pH- and concentration-dependent. The use of vital fluorescent probes with plant protoplasts may be helpful for the identification, selection and subsequent culture of hybrid fusion products in automatic cell sorting systems.
34 citations
TL;DR: The lipid constituents of E. tirucalli and E. millii calluses were the same; sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, palmitic acid and linoleic acid, and an anthocyanin, cyanidin glycoside, was isolated from callus that had been induced from E. millsii leaves cultured on medium containing 0.1 ppm 2,4-d.
Abstract: We induced calluses from two Euphorbia species and analyzed the lipids and pigments of their cells. Growth was promoted when malt extract was added to the medium for callus induction. The lipid constituents of both E. tirucalli and E. millii calluses were the same; sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, palmitic acid and linoleic acid. In addition, an anthocyanin, cyanidin glycoside, was isolated from callus that had been induced from E. millii leaves cultured on medium containing 0.1 ppm 2,4-d.
30 citations
TL;DR: Callus cultures were established from cotyledons of Arachis hypogaea and cultured cells were shown to produce stilbene synthase (resveratrol-forming) if the cells were irradiated with 254 nm UV light.
Abstract: Callus cultures were established from cotyledons of Arachis hypogaea. The cultured cells were shown to produce stilbene synthase (resveratrol-forming) if the cells were irradiated with 254 nm UV light. The lag period after which the stilbene synthase activity appeared was similar for cultured cells and intact cotyledons.
28 citations
TL;DR: Mesophyll protoplasts have been isolated from soil grown plants of Solanum melongena var depressum Bailey and protoplast-derived colonies regenerated in liquid DPD culture medium and regenerated shoots which grew to fertile plants in potting compost.
Abstract: Mesophyll protoplasts have been isolated from soil grown plants of Solanum melongena var depressum Bailey and protoplast-derived colonies regenerated in liquid DPD culture medium. Protoplast-derived colonies proliferated on agar-solidified MS culture medium and regenerated shoots which grew to fertile plants in potting compost.
TL;DR: Experiments suggest that the L-alanine: 5-ketooctanal transaminase to occur in both the mitochondria and chloroplast are the isoenzymes Transaminase A and B previously isolated by the author.
Abstract: Further studies of the transaminase responsible for the first committed step in alkaloid formation in Conium maculatum have shown the L-alanine: 5-ketooctanal transaminase to occur in both the mitochondria and chloroplast. Experiments suggest that these enzymes are the isoenzymes Transaminase A and B respectively previously isolated by the author. It is suggested that the chloroplast enzyme is normally responsible for alkaloid production.
TL;DR: A considerable incorporation of [1-14C]isopentenyl diphosphate into chlorophyll in chromoplast preparations from daffodil flowers was observed when exogenous chlorophyLLide a was added and the enzyme chlorophylla synthetase showed properties of a peripheral membrane protein.
Abstract: A considerable incorporation of [1-14C]isopentenyl diphosphate into chlorophyll in chromoplast preparations from daffodil flowers (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) was observed when exogenous chlorophyllide a was added. The enzyme chlorophyll synthetase showed properties of a peripheral membrane protein.
TL;DR: Tissue cultures were initiated from one non-tolerant and two zinc and lead tolerant clones of Anthoxanthum odoratum and the specificity of metal tolerance shown by the parental material was maintained in the callus.
Abstract: Tissue cultures were initiated from one non-tolerant (S20) and two zinc and lead tolerant (T92 and T94) clones of Anthoxanthum odoratum. Growth of callus from the non-tolerant clone was reduced by the presence of zinc, lead, copper and nickel, whereas callus from the two tolerant clones showed no reduction of growth in the presence of zinc and lead but growth was reduced by copper and nickel. The specificity of metal tolerance shown by the parental material was maintained in the callus. Tolerant and non-tolerant callus accumulated similar amounts of zinc and lead.
TL;DR: The present study shows that the principal biosynthetic enzymes, lysine decarboxylase and 17-oxosparteine synthase, assayed in acetone powder extracts and isolated chloroplasts of L. polyphyllus, were activated by reduced E. coli thioredoxin.
Abstract: Previous studies from the laboratory of the authors have shown that the tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloids are synthesized in leaf chloroplasts of Lupinus polyphyllus. Additionally, alkaloid formation reveals a light dependent diurnal rhythm in vivo. The present study shows that the principal biosynthetic enzymes, lysine decarboxylase and 17-oxosparteine synthase, assayed in acetone powder extracts and isolated chloroplasts of L. polyphyllus, were activated by reduced E. coli thioredoxin. Since both enzymes display optimal activity at pH 8 and were rather inactive at pH 7, both thioredoxin and the light mediated shift in the hydrogen ion concentration of the chloroplast stroma from pH 7 to pH 8 may be involved in the light controlled alkaloid formation.
TL;DR: Following ultraviolet mutagenesis, two Na+ dependent variants are isolated from haploid suspension cultures of soybean cells and two- to three-fold less Na+ is retained by the variant cell lines.
Abstract: Following ultraviolet mutagenesis, we have isolated two Na+ dependent variants from haploid suspension cultures of soybean cells. No selection was used in the isolation procedure. These cells cannot grow in 1 mM Na+ but can grow in 17 mM Na+. The strains also grow in 33 or 65 mM Na+, concentrations in which the parent cell line dies. [22Na] was used to measure the accumulation of Na+ by parent and variant cell lines. Two- to three-fold less Na+ is retained by the variant cell lines.
TL;DR: Results suggest that the host exerts a modifying influence on the nitrogen metabolism of the endophyte and is in keeping with the findings of other workers on the blue-green algal/fungal or hepatic symbiosis.
Abstract: The site of citrulline synthesis in the alder root nodule symbiosis has been located cytochemically in the mitochondria of the host cell. Added to our understanding of nitrogen fixation in this symbiosis such results suggest that the host exerts a modifying influence on the nitrogen metabolism of the endophyte and is in keeping with the findings of other workers on the blue-green algal/fungal or hepatic symbiosis.
TL;DR: High yields of protoplasts were obtained by enzymic treatment of mesophyll from five different species of the genus Physalis, but numerous combinations of phytohormones failed to induce regeneration of shoots from callus tissue developed from protoplast.
Abstract: High yields of protoplasts were obtained by enzymic treatment of mesophyll from five different species of the genus Physalis. Subsequent divisions and colony formation were achieved in all the species. However, numerous combinations of phytohormones failed to induce regeneration of shoots from callus tissue developed from protoplasts.
TL;DR: Large numbers of protoplasts showing reproducible high plating efficiency can be isolated from in vitro propagated, haploid and diploid, plants of Nicotiana sylvestris; they play a decisive part in the successful isolation of resistant mutants in this species.
Abstract: Large numbers of protoplasts showing reproducible high plating efficiency can be isolated from in vitro propagated, haploid and diploid, plants of Nicotiana sylvestris. Their successful use in the selection of biochemical mutants depends on the establishment of suitable selection parameters: culture medium, cell density, age of cells at selection etc. Plating of protoplasts at low densities as well as simulation and reconstruction experiments of mutant selection were employed to optimize such selection parameters. The results show that some of the principles determined for tobacco protoplast cultures manipulated at low densities or in view of mutant selection are of more general value. However, requirements specific to N. sylvestris protoplast cultures have also been established; they play a decisive part in the successful isolation of resistant mutants in this species.
TL;DR: Isolated ovules from the maize homozygous recessive brown midrib were in vitro pollinated by pollen carrying the dominant allele — and the purple embryo marker (PEM) and confirmed the process of double fertilization.
Abstract: Isolated ovules from the maize homozygous recessive brown midrib (bm3) were in vitro pollinated by pollen carrying the dominant allele — and the purple embryo marker (PEM). The colour characters of the embryos and kernels corresponded to the results of control pollination and confirmed the process of double fertilization. The question whether the method is useful for obtaining haploids is discussed.
TL;DR: The percentage of glucose content in the K I hemicellulosic fraction was highest in young coleoptiles and lowest in old ones, and a highly significant linear relationship between amounts of glucose and growth rate was obtained.
Abstract: A fractionation of non-cellulosic sugars of Oryza sativa L. coleoptile cell walls was carried out and the composition of each fraction was studied during coleoptile growth. Percentages of fractions extracted with boiling water and with oxalate (pectic substances) were almost constant throughout development. An increase in the K II hemicellulosic fraction (extracted with 24% KOH) content, and a decrease in the K I hemicellulosic fraction (extracted with 10% KOH) were detected, when coleoptile growth finished. The percentage of glucose content in the K I hemicellulosic fraction was highest in young coleoptiles and lowest in old ones. Furthermore, a highly significant linear relationship between amounts of glucose and growth rate was obtained, while a inverse relationship between the amount of xylose and arabinose and growth rate was attained.
TL;DR: The protein in hybrid plants contained a heterogenous population of small subunits resulting from the expression of both Arbabidopsis and Brassica nuclear genes, whereas the large subunit polypeptides, and hence the functional chloroplast DNA, were from the Brassica parent.
Abstract: The polypeptide composition of Fraction I protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) prepared from leaves of two clones of the parasexual hybrid plant Arabidopsis thaliana + Brassica campestris as well as their parents was analyzed by isoelectric focusing. The protein in hybrid plants contained a heterogenous population of small subunits resulting from the expression of both Arbabidopsis and Brassica nuclear genes, whereas the large subunit polypeptides, and hence the functional chloroplast DNA, were from the Brassica parent.
TL;DR: A soluble form of the monoterpene hydroxylase has been detected in cultured cells possibly affording a useful source of this enzyme for further purification.
Abstract: Conditions have been established for the optimization of the specific activity of a membrane-bound monoterpene hydroxylase from cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. In time course studies, the hydroxylase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase exhibited maximal activities 18–20 days after inoculation, i.e., during early stationary phase. By late stationary phase, enzyme activity had declined. In contrast an enzyme of primary metabolism achieved optimal specific activity by the 12th day and remained constant through day 26, synchronous with general growth. Effects of nutritional and hormonal factors on the specific activity of the hydroxylase and cell growth were evaluated. Inhibitors of hydroxylase activity were also assessed in vitro. A soluble form of the monoterpene hydroxylase has been detected in cultured cells possibly affording a useful source of this enzyme for further purification.
TL;DR: Endoplasmic reticulum-, Golgi apparatus- and plasma membrane-rich fractions were identified by their respective enzyme activities and tested for their ability to transfer glucose from UDP-glucose to endogenous sterols to form steryl glucosides.
Abstract: Membrane fractions were isolated from dark grown cotyledons of Phaseolus auneus by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Endoplasmic reticulum-, Golgi apparatus- and plasma membrane-rich fractions were identified by their respective enzymic activities and tested for their ability to transfer glucose from UDP-glucose to endogenous sterols to form steryl glucosides. The glucosyltransferase activity was shown to be located mainly at the plasma membrane.
TL;DR: It is proposed that a replication signal whose concentration decreases the farther you go from the root tip, along the root axis, and which acts on cells after their last partitioning, could account for the observed distribution of mature cortical nuclei with different DNA contents.
Abstract: In the elongation zone of Allium roots a certain fraction of cortical cells undergo DNA replication during transition from newborn non-proliferative cells to mature cells. The percentage of cortical cells in the mature zone with DNA content 2C (G01) and 4C (G02) is roughly 60% and 40%, respectively. We propose that a replication signal whose concentration decreases the farther you go from the root tip, along the root axis, and which acts on cells after their last partitioning, could account for the observed distribution of mature cortical nuclei with different DNA contents.
TL;DR: In experiments with cell suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv.
Abstract: In experiments with cell suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. SAXA it could be demonstrated that gas-shocks caused by aeration decrease the uptake of copper. An aeration period of 30 h prior to the addition of copper was found to be sufficient to reestablish the copper uptake system. EDTA/sucrose solutions seemed to be adequate to remove the adsorbed copper. The time course of the uptake of copper showed saturation behaviour, whereas the velocity of the uptake was dependent on the given concentration of copper.
TL;DR: Subnodal callus of the F 71 maize /Zea mays L./ inbred was subjected to selection for friability and intensive proliferation, which resulted in three callus lines characterized by uniform structure and improved growth rate.
Abstract: Subnodal callus of the F 71 maize /Zea mays L./ inbred was subjected to selection for friability and intensive proliferation. This procedure resulted in three callus lines characterized by uniform structure and improved growth rate. Some characteristics of these lines as well as attempts to establish maize suspension cultures are described.