Showing papers in "Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture in 1988"
TL;DR: A rapidly growing, maintainable, embryogenic suspension culture of Glycine max L. Merrill has been generated, consisting almost entirely of clumps of proliferating globular embryos with very little nonembryogenic tissues.
Abstract: A rapidly growing, maintainable, embryogenic suspension culture of Glycine max L. Merrill. has been generated. The culture consisted almost entirely of clumps of proliferating globular embryos with very little nonembryogenic tissues. The number and size of somatic embryo clumps were used to quantify growth of embryogenic tissues under various conditions. Initiation and proliferation of this embryogenic suspension culture were dependent on the inoculum, method of subculture, and composition of the subculture medium. Twenty to 50 mg of highly embryogenic, early-staged soybean tissue were inoculated into 35 ml of liquid culture medium containing 5 mg 1−1 2,4-D and either 15 mM glutamine or preferably 5 mM asparagine. Suspension cultures were subcultured at the same inoculum density every 4 weeks. The embryos matured and germinated following placement on solid media, resulting in consistent plant regeneration.
228 citations
TL;DR: The results presented here show that vitrification can be studied in a standardized system in which the only change is substitution of one gelling agent for another.
Abstract: Shoot tips of ‘York’ and ‘Vermont Spur Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were cultured in vitro to test the influence of K+, Mg++ and gelling agent concentrations on vitrification. These concentrations were 20.05, 14.05 and 8.05 mM K+, 1.5 and 3.0 mM Mg++, 7.0 g/l Difco Bacto agar and 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/l Gelrite. The lowest K+ level produced a higher percentage of vitrified shoots, affected tissue appearance, reduced shoot number and shoot elongation and apparently altered shoot metabolic activity. Gelrite consistently produced vitrified leaves and stems, even though media gelled with 1.5 g/l Gelrite presented the same apparent gel firmness as using 7 g/l Difco Bacto agar, which did not induce vitrification. Less shoot elongation, fewer total shoots, and more usable shoots of ‘York’ were obtained on Bacto-agar, while similar but less noticeable effects were obtained with ‘Vermont Spur Delicious’. The results presented here show that vitrification can be studied in a standardized system in which the only change is substitution of one gelling agent for another.
107 citations
TL;DR: The production of essential oils and flavours by plant cell and tissue cultures is reviewed, including the biotransformation of added precursors.
Abstract: The production of essential oils and flavours by plant cell and tissue cultures is reviewed, including the biotransformation of added precursors Methods which have been employed to increase secondary metabolism are discussed
95 citations
TL;DR: Hairy root cultures obtained after transformation of seven plant species by A. rhizogenes, were examined cytologically to assess their chromosome number and the relevance of these observations to the use of hairy roots in the study of plant secondary metabolite production is discussed.
Abstract: Hairy root cultures, obtained after transformation of seven plant species by A. rhizogenes, were examined cytologically to assess their chromosome number. All species had the correct 2n diploid number of chromosomes in root tip cells. Free cell suspensions of two of the species were also examined and were found to be variable with polyploids or aneuploids predominating. The DNA from the hairy root cultures was isolated and the presence of the Agrobacterium T-DNA confirmed by Southern blotting. The relevance of these observations to the use of hairy roots in the study of plant secondary metabolite production is discussed.
92 citations
TL;DR: The starch-mediated increase in growth and differentiation of wild carrot cells was accompanied by an increase in density of the cultures shown by higher dry weight/fresh weight ratios.
Abstract: Growth and differentiation of plant cell cultures was increased when media were gelled with corn starch instead of agar. Dry weight of tobacco and wild carrot cell cultures on media gelled with starch was more than three times that of cultures on media gelled with agar. Higher yield of anthocyanin and dry weight of embryos were found in wild carrot cultures grown on media gelled with corn starch. The starch-mediated increase in growth and differentiation of wild carrot cells was accompanied by an increase in density of the cultures shown by higher dry weight/fresh weight ratios.
90 citations
TL;DR: Calli of cotton initiated from seedling hypocotyl tissue were placed in liquid suspension and maintained by serial subculture in hormone-free Murashige and Skoog medium, and long-term embryo proliferation and maturation were best on medium containing MS plus 1.9g/l KNO3.
Abstract: Calli of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) initiated from seedling hypocotyl tissue were placed in liquid suspension and maintained by serial subculture in hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium Suspensions were sieved and globular embryos collected, washed, resuspended in basal medium and plated onto various semi-solid media High inorganic salts (MS), low salt (2/3 MS), excess KNO3, and the growth regulators napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin were tested for their effects on somatic embryo maturation Long-term embryo proliferation and maturation were best on medium containing MS plus 19g/l KNO3 Embryos 3 mm to 10 mm in size were removed from this plating medium and placed on sterile vermiculite saturated with Stewart and Hsu's medium plus 01 mg/l indoleacetic acid (IAA) Plants were recovered from 106% of the embryos When ≥5 mm embryos were placed on this medium, 30% of the embryos formed plants within six weeks Smaller embryos required a longer period of development on the vermiculite and the addition of fresh medium supplemented with 01 mg/l GA3 Plants with an extensive root system and two true leaves were removed from sterile culture and potted in either one-to-one peat and sand, or vermiculite Eighty percent of the regenerants were successfully hardened when glass beakers of increasing size (10 to 150 ml) were sequentially placed over the young plants during a two-week period
86 citations
TL;DR: Stem tissue is most readily induced to form somatic embryos by 2 mg/1 napthaleneacetic acid plus 0.1mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid plus 1.0 mg/ 1 (2-isopentyl)-adenine, whereas leaf tissue formed embryos best when treated with 0.5 mg/2 kinetin.
Abstract: Optimal media for induction of somatic embryogenesis from mature and immature tissues ofG. hirsutum L. cv Coker 312 were determined. Explants of three-day-old seedlings form somatic embryos in 100% of cultures when treated with 0.1 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid plus 0.5 mg/1 kinetin. Mature tissues are more recalcitrant than immature tissues and formed somatic embryos on a limited number of hormone treatments. Stem tissue is most readily induced to form somatic embryos by 2 mg/1 napthaleneacetic acid plus 0.1 mg/1 kinetin, whereas leaf tissue formed embryos best when treated with 0.1 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid plus 1.0 mg/1 (2-isopentyl)-adenine, or 1.0 mg/1 napthaleneacetic acid plus 0.5 mg/1 (2-isopentyl)-adenine.
84 citations
TL;DR: Immature embryos proved to be the only explant which consistently gave regenerable cultures in all genotypes, and had a significant effect on the capacity of cultures to regenerate.
Abstract: A method is described for the culture and regeneration of plants from callus of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) andH. annuus x H. tuberosus hybrids. Immature embryos proved to be the only explant which consistently gave regenerable cultures in all genotypes. The most responsive embryos were approximately 12 mm2 in area. Genotype had a significant effect on the capacity of cultures to regenerate. Some regeneration was also obtained from cultures of tuber tissue but only from one genotype,H. tuberosus x H. annuus cross 200. None of theH. annuus accessions gave regenerable callus from root tissue. Difficulties included the premature initiation of flowering of regenerating shoots and the frequent occurence of "vitreous" plantlets which could not be transplanted successfully to soil. Some amelioration of both these problems was achieved by replacing inorganic nitrogen partially with amino acids. More effective reduction of these difficulties was accomplished by the addition of 10, 30 and 100 μM phloridzin, esculin or naringin.
74 citations
TL;DR: In leaf discs and younger and older zygotic embryos, only callus and root formation was observed, and somatic embryogenesis, approx.
Abstract: Leaf discs from olive (Olea europaea L.) grown in vitro and immature zygotic embryos collected at 50, 75, 90 and 105 days after full bloom were tested for their somatic embryogenic capacity. The embryos were grown in half-strength MS medium and half-strength OM medium with BAP combinated with either 2,4-D or NAA. Incubation was either in an initial dark period followed by 16h daylight or in 16h daylight throughout. Somatic embryogenesis, approx. 40%, mostly directly from the embryos, was observed only in 75-day-old embryos in medium containing low cytokinin and auxin concentrations. Differentiation was inhibited by 2,4-D whereas NAA did not. In leaf discs and younger and older zygotic embryos, only callus and root formation was observed. Somatic embryos were germinated and then potted-up to soil.
71 citations
TL;DR: A tissue culture procedure was developed for the regeneration of somatic embryos from callus cultures of the avocado, Persea americana, and attempts to induce a higher incidence of germination were unsuccessful.
Abstract: A tissue culture procedure was developed for the regeneration of somatic embryos from callus cultures of the avocado,Persea americana. Immature zygotic embryos, 0.6–0.8 mm long, were used as original explants. Addition of 0.1 mg/l picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) to culture medium appeared critical for callus initiation. Development of somatic embryos was accomplished in picloram concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1 ml/l. A few well developed embryos produced green shoots. Attempts to induce a higher incidence of germination were unsuccessful.
69 citations
TL;DR: Rooting and acclimatization procedures for micropropagated conifers are reviewed, with emphasis on their effects on root quality and plantlet performance in the nursery and field.
Abstract: Rooting and acclimatization procedures for micropropagated conifers are reviewed, with emphasis on their effects on root quality and plantlet performance in the nursery and field. Major influences on root production include auxin concentration and mode of application, shoot quality, donor age, clone and temperature. The development of a fibrous, well-branched root system has been a problem that may be solved by using rooting substrates that are better-aerated than agar. Further development of the root system may be enhanced by early air-pruning and ectomycorrhizal associations. During acclimatization, high humidity is required for conifers. However, conifers have an advantage over non-coniferous plantlets with respect to water loss because of a better development of the needle cuticles prior to transfer to in vivo conditions. In greenhouse and field comparisons with seedlings, plantlets were similar in survival and growth rate, but root systems were less fibrous. Also, features of early maturation have been observed for plantlets, the cause of which is uncertain. Pertinent research with rooted cuttings and seedlings of conifers has been cited to gain a better understanding of the factors involved in root production and development.
TL;DR: Various explant sources of Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii were used to examine the effects of growth hormones on morphogenesis in vitro and initial experiments indicated that punctured leaves were superior to non-punctured ones for both callus growth and formation of shoots and roots on MS medium containing various types and concentrations of growth hormone.
Abstract: Various explant sources of Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii were used to examine the effects of growth hormones on morphogenesis in vitro. Initial experiments indicated that punctured leaves were superior to non-punctured ones for both callus growth and formation of shoots and roots on MS medium containing various types and concentrations of growth hormones. After 6 weeks in culture, an average of 178 shoots, 129 roots and 3.1 g fresh weight of callus were directly produced from the abaxial side of each punctured leaf. The best combinations of growth hormones for shoot, root and callus proliferation were 0.88 μM BA plus 0.05 μM 2,4-D, 0.44 μM BA plus 2.69 μM NAA and 0.44 μM BA plus 2.26 μM 2,4-D, respectively. Embryoids were also formed on callus derived from punctured leaves. The number of embryoids varied from 0 to 30 per punctured leaf. Adventitious shoots also developed simultaneously with the embryos. Embryoids were removed with a scalpel at the early developmental stages and placed on MS medium lacking growth regulators. Regenerated plantlets were transferred to pots containing vermiculite for normal growth in the greenhouse.
TL;DR: This study has shown an obvious relation between the developmental stage of the excised tissue and the potential of plant regeneration of the in vitro initiated callus culture.
Abstract: Calli have been initiated from young leaves of in vitro grown sugarcane shoots. Histological examination has shown that the two types of calli induced (nodular and friable) originated from different regions of the explants and were cytologically different. This study has shown an obvious relation between the developmental stage of the excised tissue and the potential of plant regeneration of the in vitro initiated callus culture. Nodular calli were obtained from bases of the fast-growing young leaves while their more mature parts of the older leaves only produced friable calli. High-frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was obtained from nodular calli while friable calli rarely produced plantlets.
TL;DR: All cultivars gave the same response in tests of root formation, but shoot regeneration from callus culture of cucumber cotyledons was dependent on genotype with cultivar Manchoonchoungjang exhibiting the best shoot differentiation capability among the genotypes examined.
Abstract: The growth and differentiation of callus tissues derived from cotyledons of ten cultivars ofCucumis sativus L. were investigated. Cotyledonary explants from all ten cultivars formed callus tissue on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Fresh weight of the callus tissues averaged 1 to 8 g per flask after five weeks of culture. Shoot development was achieved in three cultivars, Hukchinju, Manchoonchoungjang and Seoul, on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzylaminopurine. Reducing the 6-benzylaminopurine concentration to 0.01 μM resulted in root formation on callus tissues and on shoots transferred to this medium. All cultivars gave the same response in tests of root formation, but shoot regeneration from callus culture of cucumber cotyledons was dependent on genotype with cultivar Manchoonchoungjang exhibiting the best shoot differentiation capability among the genotypes examined. Examination of mitotic metaphase from the regenerants revealed that all were tetraploid.
TL;DR: Conditions were established for efficient plant regeneration from cotyledon explant calli in different cultivars of Brassica juncea, B. campestris and B. carinata on Murashige & Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with various combinations of cytokinins and auxins, but regeneration frequency varied with genotype and the different growth hormone combinations in media.
Abstract: Conditions were established for efficient plant regeneration from cotyledon explant calli in different cultivars ofBrassica juncea, B. campestris andB. carinata on Murashige & Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with various combinations of cytokinins and auxins. Regeneration frequency, however, varied with genotype and the different growth hormone combinations in media. Almost in all species, MS medium with zeatin (1.0 mg 1-1) and IAA (0.1 mg l-1) was found to be best for shoot organogenesis followed by the ones containing high kinetin (2.0 mg l-1) and low IAA (0.02 or 0.2 mg l-1) concentrations. On these media, the cotyledonary explants invariably underwent callusing followed by multiple shoot formation, which could be separated and subcultured for further propagation. Number of shoots per cotyledon explant cultured varied from 0 to as many as 50. InB. juncea andB. campestris, the regeneration frequency declined sharply in the absence of auxin in medium. BAP in combination with NAA yielded no or a reduced number of shoots. Shoot organogenesis also declined with the reduction in photoperiod from continuous light to 16 hours. Shoots were easily rooted during prolonged incubation on the same medium and whole plants were transferred to pots in the greenhouse and grown to maturity.
TL;DR: Of the explants tested, the best morphogenetic responses were obtained from nodes and the poorest from leaves, and Root formation from explants was achieved only in media with NAA or IAA.
Abstract: The influence of culture medium and explant on callus and shoot formation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) has been studied. Three different explants (shoot-tip, first node and first pair of leaves) from three Spanish lentil cultivars were cultivated on two basal media: Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) and medium with mineral salts of MS medium plus vitamins of Gamborg's B5 medium (MSB), supplemented with growth regulators. Media with 2,4-D induced the formation of calli in all explants, but no organ regeneration was obtained from these calli. Multiple shoot formation was obtained from 33% to 92% of the explants in media supplemented with 2.25 mg l−1 of BA and 0.186 mg l−1 NAA+2.25 mg l−1 BA; in the other media one to two shoots per explant were formed in 10 to 98% of the explants. Root formation from explants was achieved only in media with NAA or IAA. Of the explants tested, the best morphogenetic responses were obtained from nodes and the poorest from leaves.
TL;DR: The importance of in vitro tuberization of yam as a means of international germplasm distribution or exchange as well as for the propagation of planting material is discussed in this article.
Abstract: Nodal cuttings of white yam were induced to produce microtubers on a MS-revised medium supplemented with various concentrations of sucrose, 20 mgl−1 L-cysteine, 0.5 mgl−1 kinetin and 0.7% agar. The frequency of tuberization was affected by the daylength, which is optimal at 12 and 16 h of light depending on the sucrose concentration. The microtubers were planted in a seed bed and grown to maturity. The importance of in vitro tuberization of yam as a means of international germplasm distribution or exchange as well as for the propagation of planting material is discussed.
TL;DR: A somatic hybrid plant was obtained by protoplast fusion between navel orange and satsuma mandarin by the PEG method, which was proven by restriction endonuclease analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA.
Abstract: A somatic hybrid plant was obtained by protoplast fusion between navel orange and satsuma mandarin. Protoplasts isolated from nucellar calli of navel orange and from leaves of satsuma mandarin were fused by the PEG method. The fusion products were cultured in a Murashige & Tucker medium containing 0.6 M sucrose. In this medium, some colonies developed into whole plants through embryogenesis. One of the regenerated plants was shown to be a hybrid, which was proven by restriction endonuclease analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The chromosome number of the hybrid was 36. Both parents have a chromosome number 2n=18.
TL;DR: It was found that ascorbate, at levels of 4−8×10-4M, enhanced shoot formation in both young and old callus, and treatment with ascorBate speeded up the shoot-forming process.
Abstract: The effect of ascorbic acid on growth and shoot formation in callus cultures of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was investigated, using young (4–12 subcultures) and old (more than 30 subcultures) tissue. It was found that ascorbate, at levels of 4−8×10-4M, enhanced shoot formation in both young and old callus. Treatment with ascorbate also speeded up the shoot-forming process. In addition, ascorbate completely reversed the inhibition of shoot formation by gibberellic acid in young callus, but was less effective in old callus.
TL;DR: It seemed that the bud metabolism at each particular time was rather persistent and affected the outcome of the experiments, and callus proliferation was highest from explants collected in December and January and during the growing season from April to July, and lowest during the autumn from September to November.
Abstract: Explants from 10 to 40-year-old Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) were cultured in vitro. Material was collected from Northern Finland once or twice a week during 1984–1987. excised shoot meristems and lower parts of the buds formed soft callus on modified MS medium. A seasonal effect was observed in the explant viability and degree of contamination. Callus proliferation was highest from explants collected in December and January and during the growing season from April to July, and lowest in February and during the autumn from September to November. It seemed that the bud metabolism at each particular time was rather persistent and affected the outcome of the experiments. Contamination was significantly higher from December to April. Organogenesis occurred only rarely.
TL;DR: The results indicated that genotypes differed in the ability to develop vigorously growing callus, and the callus growth responses in seed, radicle and coleoptile cultures were intercorrelated, but were not correlated with that in anther culture.
Abstract: A total of 108 rice varieties were examined for their tissue culture responses Callus tissues were initiated from the seed, radicle, coleoptile and anther explants Our results indicated that genotypes differed in the ability to develop vigorously growing callus The callus growth responses in seed, radicle and coleoptile cultures were intercorrelated, but were not correlated with that in anther culture
TL;DR: Immature embryos from inbred commercial cultivars of sunflower were used as donor material for induction of regenerable tissue in vitro, and Regenerates were obtained with all 7 genotypes tested.
Abstract: Immature embryos from inbred commercial cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were used as donor material for induction of regenerable tissue in vitro. Optimum regeneration frequencies were obtained by transferring the tissue through a sequence of defined media using a specified timetable. The first medium was characterized by a high sucrose content (12%), 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM abscisic acid. Within 7 days, proliferation of smooth, white, dedifferentiated tissue from the cotyledons was evident. After 3 weeks, the tissues were transferred through a series of 3 media, designed to promote shoot formation, shoot elongation and rooting. Regenerates were obtained with all 7 genotypes tested. From 1983 to 1984, approximately 500 primary R0 plantlets were regenerated, grown to maturity in a greenhouse and self-pollinated. The resultant R1 seeds were subsequently field-grown and the plants were evaluated for variation.
TL;DR: A procedure for the rapid tissue culture propagation of papaya is being developed andooting was induced at a higher frequency by subculturing plantlets onto media with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) than with NAA.
Abstract: A procedure for the rapid tissue culture propagation of papaya is being developed. Tissue culture methods using apices of nursery and orchard trees of Carica papaya cv. “Sunrise Solo” were evaluated. The explants were established in a modified Murashige and Tucker (1969) basal medium with half-strength inorganic salts, 0.5mgl-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.2mgl-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Established explants were transferred to a proliferation medium consisting of Murashige and Tucker (1969) basal medium, 0.5mgl-1 BA and 0.1mgl-1 NAA, which caused extensive multiplication of shoots. Rooting was induced at a higher frequency by subculturing plantlets onto media with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) than with NAA.
TL;DR: A small number of frozen embryos of ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange survived and developed into proliferating cultures that produced whole plants that are growing successfully.
Abstract: Somatic embryos of ‘Washington Navel’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) derived from in vitro cultured ovules excised from immature fruits, were frozen to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. A method of slow cooling at a rate of 0.5°C min-1 down to −42°C followed by storage in liquid nitrogen was used. Thawing was achieved by keeping the specimens at room temperature for 15 min. A small number of frozen embryos survived and developed into proliferating cultures that produced whole plants. The plants obtained from frozen cultures were transferred to soil and are growing successfully.
TL;DR: The influence of temperature stress pre- treatment on anther culture response has been examined in eight commercially desirable barley cultivars, with the most responsive cultivar was Igri, with a mean of 38% anthers responding, and relatively little effect of pre-treatment.
Abstract: The influence of temperature stress pre-treatment on anther culture response has been examined in eight commercially desirable barley cultivars. Spikes were pre-treated in darkness at 4°C for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Overall, the optimum pre-treatment period was 21 days, although there were large genotype by pre-treatment interactions. The most responsive cultivar was Igri, with a mean of 38% anthers responding, and relatively little effect of pre-treatment. The greatest effect of pre-treatment was in cv. Heriot, which had 3% response with no pre-treatment and 52% response from 14 days pre-treatment.
TL;DR: The objective was to selectively enhance the proliferation of the embryogenic fraction by selectively enhancing BAP and 2,4-D concentrations on growth of embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus in Ipomoea batatas Poir cultures.
Abstract: Embryogenic callus cultures of Ipomoea batatas Poir. produce fast growing non-embryogenic material which soon dominates the cultures. Our objective was to selectively enhance the proliferation of the embryogenic fraction. For this, the effect of BAP and 2,4-D concentrations on growth of embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were studied and consequently, nutrient media for the production and indefinite maintenance of embryogenic callus without embryo formation were defined. Selective proliferation of embryogenic callus was obtained on solid media with 10 μM 2,4-D and 1 μM BAP and in liquid media with 5 μM 2,4-D. Selective proliferation of non-embryogenic callus occurred in liquid medium with 1 μM 2,4-D. In embryogenic liquid culture, embryos were produced with 0–2 μM 2,4-D. Increasing 2,4-D concentration from 0 to 2 μM in these cultures restricted embryo development.
TL;DR: Of the cytokinins tested, benzylaminopurine (BAP) was more effective than either 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) or kinetin (Kin) and produced maximum proliferation when used at 5×10-6M.
Abstract: Successful vegetative propagation of seedling jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) has been achieved by in vitro methods. Proliferation from nodal explants was greater than from shoot tips. Of the cytokinins tested, benzylaminopurine (BAP) was more effective than either 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) or kinetin (Kin) and produced maximum proliferation when used at 5×10-6M. Shoot proliferation was optimal at 30°C with a 12 h photoperiod. Optimal rooting of shoots in vitro was obtained with indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 10-6M. The number and length of roots was significantly increased in 12 h light as compared with the dark.
TL;DR: Shoots were regenerated from callus of the commercially important strawberry varieties Bogota, Brighton, Cambridge Favourite, Hapil, Ostara, Rapella, Red Gauntlet and JILA33 which is a promising selection from a current breeding programme.
Abstract: Shoots were regenerated from callus of the commercially important strawberry varieties Bogota, Brighton, Cambridge Favourite, Hapil, Ostara, Rapella, Red Gauntlet and JILA33 which is a promising selection from a current breeding programme. The callus was initiated from explants of petiole or lamina of leaves of micropropagated shoots in vitro or of lamina or peduncle from greenhouse plants. There was more shoot regeneration with callus from lamina than from petiole although with the variety Hapil, regeneration occurred only with callus from peduncle. With seven of the varieties, shoot regeneration occurred on culture media with BAP and 2,4-D whilst with the remaining variety, Cambridge Favourite, it occurred only with medium which contained 1AA-β alanine conjugate in place of 2,4-D. Regenerated shoots rooted readily and the plants produced are being studied for somaclonal variation.
TL;DR: In vitro plants of three forage grasses, Festuca arundinacea, Loliurn perenne and L.multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), have now been regenerated from protoplast-derived cell colonies and green Festuca andL.multIFlorum plants established in soil.
Abstract: A prerequisite for the use of many genetic manipulation techniques is the ability to regenerate plants from protoplasts, but in the cereals and grasses, plants have been regenerated in this way in only six species (1). Of these, only Oryza (2,3,4,5,6) and Saccharum (7) have been successfully transferred to soil. In vitro plants of three forage grasses: Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), Loliurn perenne (perennial ryegrass) and L.multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), have now been regenerated from protoplast-derived cell colonies and green Festuca and L.multiflorum plants established in soil (8).
TL;DR: Multiple shoot formation from the medicinal plant Plumbago rosea Linn was induced on callus from stem segments on Murashige & Skoog media containing auxin and cytokinin and 60% survived.
Abstract: Multiple shoot formation from the medicinal plant Plumbago rosea Linn. was induced on callus from stem segments on Murashige & Skoog media containing auxin and cytokinin. 2,4-D (2.5 mg l-1) and kinetin (1.5 mg l-1) added to the media gave best callus production, while BAP (2 mg l-1) plus NAA (1.0 mg l-1) induced shoot formation from that callus. Numerous shoots with roots could be produced by transferring shoots to media containing IBA (1.5 mg l-1). Regenerated plantlets were transferred to pots and 60% survived.