Showing papers in "Psychological Assessment in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of 100 unipolar terms for personality traits was developed and compared with previously developed ones based on far larger sets of trait adjectives, as well as with the scales from the NEO and Hogan personality inventories.
Abstract: To satisfy the need in personality research for factorially univocal measures of each of the 5 domains that subsume most English-language terms for personality-traits, new sets of Big-Five factor markers were investigated. In studies of adjective-anchored bipolar rating scales, a transparent format was found to produce factor markers that were more univocal than the same scales administered in the traditional format. Nonetheless, even the transparent bipolar scales proved less robust as factor markers than did parallel sets of adjectives administered in unipolar format. A set of 100 unipolar terms proved to be highly robust across quite diverse samples of self and peer descriptions. These new markers were compared with previously developed ones based on far larger sets of trait adjectives, as well as with the scales from the NEO and Hogan personality inventories.
4,777 citations
2,917 citations
TL;DR: This study details the psychometric evaluation of the Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), a measure of life satisfaction that may complement symptom-oriented measures of psychological functioning in evaluating the outcome of interventions aimed at ameliorating mental disorders, disabling physical illnesses, and community-wide social problems.
Abstract: This study details the psychometric evaluation of the Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), a measure of life satisfaction that may complement symptom-oriented measures of psychological functioning in evaluating the outcome of interventions aimed at ameliorating mental disorders, disabling physical illnesses, and community-wide social problems
978 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives and found that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample.
Abstract: Deposite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhacement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women
709 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a normative sample of 880 children was contrasted with a sample of 216 sexually abused children on the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI), a 35-item behavior checklist assessing sexual behavior in children 2-12 years old.
Abstract: A normative sample of 880 children was contrasted with a sample of 216 sexually abused children on the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI), a 35-item behavior checklist assessing sexual behavior in children 2-12 years old. The CSBI total score differed significantly between the 2 groups after controlling for age, sex, maternal education, and family income, with sexually abused children showing a greater frequency of sexual behaviors than did the normative sample. Test-retest reliability, interitem correlations, cross-validation, and correlations with abuse characteristics were also reported
379 citations
TL;DR: A subscale of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), a subscale, and the Revised Restraint Scale (RS) were administered to 90 1 undergraduates as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A subscale of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), a subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and the Revised Restraint Scale (RS) were administered to 90 1 undergraduates. Test-retest reliability (on 34 subjects) was highest for the RS (r =.95) and roughly equal for the DEBQ (r =.92) and the TFEQ (r =.91). Internal consistency was highest for the DEBQ (α =.95), moderate for the TFEQ (α =.90), and lowest for the RS (α =.82). The DEBQ was the most homogeneous scale, with a single principal component accounting for 68.2% of the variance
303 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the benefits of sharing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) test results verbally with clients and found that test feedback according to a collaborative model developed by Finn (1990) and 29 received only examiner attention.
Abstract: This study investigated the benefits of sharing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) test results verbally with clients. Ss were randomly selected from a college counseling center's waiting list: 32 received test feedback according to a collaborative model developed by Finn (1990) and 29 received only examiner attention. Groups did not differ on age, sex, days between examiner contact, and initial levels of distress and self-esteem
255 citations
TL;DR: In this article, community volunteers and non-sex-offender patients were compared with rapists and child molesters recruited primarily from a maximum security psychiatric institution, and the discriminant validity of phallometric testing was examined.
Abstract: Independent data sets from phallometric assessment studies were analyzed to examine methods of maximizing the discriminant validity of phallometric testing. Community volunteers and non-sex-offender patients were compared with rapists and child molesters recruited primarily from a maximum security psychiatric institution
210 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed dimensional measures of aspects of personality disorders on the basis of previous factor-analytic investigations and examined the convergence of these measures with Costa and McCrae's ''Big Five» factors in a sample of 300 general-population subjects.
Abstract: Researchers have suggested that personality disorders (PDs) could be better understood with a dimensional model than with the DSM-IIII-R categorical system. The authors conceptualized PDs as extreme expressions of personality functioning. Dimensional measures of aspects of PD were developed for the present study on the basis of previous factor-analytic investigations. The authors examined the convergence of these measures with Costa and McCrae's «Big Five» factors in a sample of 300 general-population subjects
204 citations
TL;DR: The Penn Inventory for Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as discussed by the authors is a self-report measure of the severity of PTSD, which was developed and validated using the Penn Inventory of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
Abstract: This article reports a 3-phase study to develop and validate the Penn Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a 26-item self-report measure of the severity of PTSD In Phase 1, using a sample (n=83) selected in 4 different groups, the inventory showed high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity in relation to a structured clinical PTSD diagnosis, measures of combat exposure, and measures of PTSD symptom dimensions Phase 2 cross-validated the initial findings on a second sample (n=98), yielding results comparable to those of Phase 1, including measures of sensitivity and specificity Phase 3, using a new sample (n=76), extended the findings to general veteran psychiatric admissions and civilian survivors of the Piper Alpha oil rig disaster, and used as criterion measures the Mississippi Scale for Combat-related PTSD among the veteran groups and the Impact of Event Scale in the civilian group
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) for identifying symptoms of depression among a sample of Korean immigrants in Canada is assessed.
Abstract: This article assesses the utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) for identifying symptoms of depression among a sample of Korean immigrants in Canada. Evidence that supports the content, construct, and concurrent validity of a Korean version of this instrument (the CES-D-K) is presented, and the authors recommend that the CES-D-K be used in both cross-cultural and intranational investigations involving Korean populations. It is recommended, however, that the Positive Affect items be deleted when computing CES-D-K scores, to avoid overestimating the number of Korean immigrants manifesting high levels of psychological distress
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the Preschool Socioaffective Profile (PSP) using a sample of 608 preschoolers revealed high internal consistency, interrater reliability, and stability for the 810-item scales and identified three coherent factors representing externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and social competence.
Abstract: An analysis of the Preschool Socioaffective Profile (PSP) using a sample of 608 preschoolers revealed high internal consistency, interrater reliability, and stability for the 810-item scales and identified 3 coherent factors representing externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and social competence. Boys scored higher than girls on externalizing measures, but not on internalizing measures, which were largely orthogonal. PSP scores were correlated with Child Behavior Check List teacher ratings, and each scale was found to differentiate a clinical sample from the complete sample. Using a topological approach, the anxious-withdrawn group was found to be the least interactive with peers; the angry-aggressive group, the most interactive and most rejected; and the competent group, highest in sociometric status
TL;DR: This article investigated the validity of F, back F (Fb), and variable response inconsistency (VRIN) indices of the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) for detection of self-reported partially random responding in several samples, including college students, community volunteers, and job applicants.
Abstract: This study investigated the validity of F, back F (Fb), and variable response inconsistency (VRIN) indices of the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) for detection of self-reported partially random responding in several samples, including college students, community volunteers, and job applicants. Substantial numbers of subjects admitted to providing some random responses, with 29%-60% of the various samples acknowledging an average of 12-38 random responses in their MMPI-2 answers. For all groups, with the expected exception of job applicants, the appropriate MMPI-2 validity indices were reliably and positively correlated with self-estimates of random responses
TL;DR: A second-order factor analysis revealed three factors: Adaptability/Positive Affect, Attentional Focus, and General Rhythmicity as discussed by the authors, which are the most common factors associated with healthy, adaptive functioning among adolescents.
Abstract: Confirmatory factor analyses supported the plausibility of a 10-factor model of the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R; Windle & Lerner, 1986) with a sample of 975 teenagers. Simultaneous group models across gender indicated an invariant pattern for factor loadings and factor intercorrelations. Internal consistency estimates and test-retest stability were moderately high for the 10 temperament attributes, and consensual validity was indicated by convergent/discriminant correlations between adolescent and primary caregiver agreement indexes. A secondorder factor analysis revealed 3 factors: Adaptability/Positive Affect, Attentional Focus, and General Rhythmicity. In terms of levels of temperament, girls reported more adaptability/positive affect, whereas boys reported more attentional focus and general rhythmicity. The principal purpose of this study was to investigate the dimensional structure and psychometric characteristics (e.g., internal consistency, test-retest stability) of the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R; Windle & Lerner, 1986) with samples of midadolescent boys and girls (mean age = 15.5 years). Adolescence is often described as a phase in the life span involving confrontation with numerous challenges, psychosocial tasks, and novel events (e.g., Erikson, 1963; Havighurst, 1948/1972). The results of a study by Newcomb, Huba, and Bentler (1981) indicated that middle adolescence was a peak period for the occurrence of stressful life events (also see Compas, 1987). Because high levels of stressful life events and novel demands characterize adolescence, it is important to identify individual difference attributes (e.g., temperament, coping styles) that may potentiate salubrious outcomes and attenuate or ameliorate nonsalubrious outcomes. Research reviewed by Garmezy and Rutter (1983) has suggested that temperament is one of three major variables associated with healthy, adaptive functioning among children growing up under adverse circumstances (e.g., low socioeconomic status, parental alcoholism). Furthermore, the other two significant predictors of healthy, adaptive functioning were family support and external (community) support, both of which have been posed as influenced by temperament (e.g., Rutter, 1983; Werner, 1986). The temperament measure used in this study, the DOTS-R (Windle & Lerner, 1986), and its predecessor, the DOTS (Lerner, Palermo, Spiro, & Nesselroade, 1982), were developed for assessing age-continuous features of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess (1977; Chess & Thomas, 1984) in their ongoing and highly influential New York Longitudinal
TL;DR: The Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS) as mentioned in this paper ) is a self-report questionnaire for the assessment of adolescent social competence, which is based on the TISS.
Abstract: This series of studies describes the development and the evaluation of reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of a newly designed self-report questionnaire for the assessment of adolescent social competence: the Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS)
TL;DR: In this article, the reliability of self-reported data obtained from 323 narcotics addicts was investigated in two face-to-face interviews conducted 10 years apart, and the sames sets of retrospectively recalled behaviors were examined at each interview for an overlapping period of 4 to 5 years.
Abstract: Reliability of self-reported data obtained from 323 narcotics addicts was investigated in 2 face-to-face interviews conducted 10 years apart. The sames sets of retrospectively recalled behaviors were examined at each interview for an overlapping period of 4 to 5 years. Test-retest correlations were higher among activities that occurred at a higher frequency. Socially undesirable (illegal) behaviors were reported in the first interview to occur at lower frequencies than they were in the second. Both inconsistency and discrepancy of reporting undesirable behaviors increased with temporal procimity to the first interview. Respondents' characteristics that were associated with better reporting consistency and lower level of discrepancy included less abuse of alcohol and narcotics and less criminal involvement. Age did not have an effect on the reliability of self-report
TL;DR: In this paper, older adults with major depression and healthy control subjects (n=25) were compared using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
Abstract: Older adult outpatients with major depression (n=25) and healthy control subjects (n=25) were compared using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Both measures were sensitive in detecting clinical depression. Subjects were, however, more likely to endorse multiple responses in BDI items, suggesting that the GDS is simpler for older adults to complete. Viewed within the context of previous relevant research that used these instruments to compare older dults, our results yield additional evidence of cross-study consistency in the functional efficiency of both measures
TL;DR: For example, this article found that items rated high for objectivity, observability, molecularity, disturbance, and social undesirability generally obtained higher levels of parental agreement than items rated low for these qualities.
Abstract: Interparental agreement on child behavior problems was studied by having parents in 137 families complete the Child Behavior Checklist for their children age 3-13. Interparental agreement on specific behavior problems was low. Mothers consistently reported more problem behavior than fathers, but parents did not show different levels of agreement for boys and girls. Discrepancies between parental reports of problem behavior, but not kappa scores, increased as the distress level of the family increased. Child Behavior Checklist items rated high for objectivity, observability, molecularity, disturbance, and social undesirability generally obtained higher levels of parental agreement than items rated low for these qualities. Some evidence indicated that items on the externalizing scale of the cheklist achieve higher agreement and are more objective, observable, and socially undesirable than items on the internalizing scale
TL;DR: The most widely used measure of anxiety sensitivity is the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) as mentioned in this paper, which is a measure of a undidimensional construct (Reiss et al., 1986), and several 4-factor solutions have been proposed.
Abstract: Anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety) is thought to play an important role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. One of the most widely used measures of anxiety sensitivity is the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI). The originators of this scale regarded it as a measure of a undidimensional construct (Reiss et al., 1986). Recent investigations have challenged this claim, and several 4-factor solutions have been proposed. If the dimension(s) of this scale are to guide theory and research, then it is necessary to determine the most stable factor structure. ASI responses were obtained from 142 spider-phobic college students and 327 psychiatric patients presenting with anxiety or stress-related (psychophysiological) disorders
TL;DR: In this article, a modified version of the California Child Q-set (CCQ) is presented to researchers and clinicians who may then choose to use it in their own research programs when lay persons must provide the observations desired.
Abstract: J. Block and J. H. Block's (1980) California Child Q-Set (CCQ), a unique instrument used by professional observers to assess children's personalities, has contributed important information about the nature of personality development. The authorsof this article introduce language-simplifying modifications to the items in the original CCQ for this assessment procedure to be used with a wide range of nonprofessional observers (e.g., parents with little formal education). Reliability and validity assessments show that the "common-language" version of the CCQ can be used with lay persons to yield reliable, valid, and valuable information about the links between personality functioning and problems in adaptive functioning in diverse populations. Responding to a need for a flexible but clinically rich assessment tool that can be used in diverse populations and with multiple informants and observers, we developed a "common language" Q-sort, a modification and adaptation of J. Block and J. H. Block's (1969, 1980) observer-based instrument for describing the personality styles of children. The purpose of this article is to introduce the modified version of the California Child Q-set (CCQ) to researchers and clinicians who may then choose to use it in their own research programs when lay persons must provide the observations desired. Although there are a number of instruments for the assessment of children's social and emotional adjustment (e.g., Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983; Quay & Peterson, 1983), these are primarily concerned with behavior problems and dimensions
TL;DR: The PRA was constructed according to factor-analytic procedures using cancer patients as subjects to measure the perceived quality of the informative and affective behaviors of the provider and the patient's perceived ability to initiate communication about the illness.
Abstract: This article reports 3 studies in the development of the Patient Reactions Assessment (PRA). The PRA is composed of three 5-item scales designed to measure the perceived quality of the informative (Patient Information Index) and affective (Patient Affective Index) behaviors of the provider and the patient's perceived ability to initiate communication (Patient Communication Index) about the illness. The PRA was constructed according to factor-analytic procedures using cancer patients as subjects
TL;DR: To gather normative observations on patients with genuine memmory disorders, Rey's 3×5 was administered to 56 OPs who has been referred for neuropsychological evaluation.
Abstract: Rey (1964) devised a simple 15-item (3-columns × 5 rows) visual memory test to detect faking or exaggeration of memory complaints. To gather normative observations on patients with genuine memmory disorders, the authors administered this test to 100 temporal lobe epilepsy inpatients (TLEs) who showed defective performance on at least 1 of 4 standardized memory tests. To determine whether outpatients with neurological disorders (OPs) would produce a distribution of scores similar to those of TLEs, Rey's 3×5 was administered to 56 OPs who has been referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Sixteen OPs in litigation were excluded from the outpatient sample because motivation for optimal performance could not be assumed
TL;DR: This paper explored the effects of both random responding and malingering on the validity scales of the MMPI-2 in an analog design using four groups of college students, one group completed the entire answer sheet randomly, another group was instructed to malinger a moderate psychological disturbance, a third group was asked to simulate a severe disturbance, and a fourth group was given standard test instructions.
Abstract: This study explored the effects of both random responding and malingering on the validity scales of the MMPI-2 in an analog design using 4 groups of college students. One group completed the entire answer sheet randomly, a second group was instructed to malinger a moderate psychological disturbance, a third group was asked to simulate a severe disturbance, and a fourth group was given standard test instructions
TL;DR: The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was converted to an interactive computer-administered format as discussed by the authors, which showed equal ability to distinguish OCD patients from subjects in the other two groups.
Abstract: The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was converted to an interactive computer-administered format. To examine its utility, the computer version of the YBOCS was administeredin a design counterbalanced with the clinician-administered version to a sample of patients withobsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), patients with other anxiety disorders, and nonpatient con-trols. The computer-administered version of the YBOCS correlated highly with the clinician-ad-ministered version, especially in the OCD sample, and showed equal ability to distinguish OCDpatients from subjects in the other two groups. It was also well understood and liked by subjects,who showed no preference for the clinician interview over the computer interview.
TL;DR: This article used a corrected Rand agreement index of.94 across divergent analytic methods, with a known solution and 50 new Ss, finding a.80 agreement index with the known solution.
Abstract: Many assessment approaches for the personality disorders use upper regions (small number of broad traits) of the personality hierarchy. These studies examined lower regions (larger number of more narrow traits). In Study 1 judges translated personality disorder diagnostic criteria into lay language and verified translation quality. Study 2 analyzed 55 lay Ss' organization of those descriptors to derive 39 groupings of diagnostic criteria, with a corrected Rand agreement index of .94 across divergent analytic methods. Study 3 checked those methods on a problem with a known solution and 50 new Ss, finding a .80 agreement index with the known solution. Finally, to prevent subsjectivity in factor naming, Study 4 used pools of judges to name the content groups and 12 lay Ss for a recapture test of the meaning and discriminability of the names
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors constructed and psychometrically evaluated a marital satisfaction questionnaire for older persons, which consists of 24 items with 1 major and 2 minor factors, and evaluated its temporal stability, factor structure, and construct validity.
Abstract: Five studies were conducted to construct and psychometrically evaluate a marital satisfaction questionnaire for older persons. The questionnaire content was generated and refined in Study 1. Temporal stability was evaluated in Study 2, and criterion-related validity was examined in Study 3. Norms, factor structure, and construct validity of the questionnaire were established in Study 4. The degree to which scores on the questionnaire predicted observer ratings of marital interactions during an analog problem-solving situation was examined in Study 5. The final questionnaire consists of 24 items with 1 major and 2 minor factors
Abstract: Confirmatory factor analyses were completed separately with the WAIS-R and the WMS-R. Confirmatory factor analyses were also performed on a «core battery» composed of the WAIS-R, WMS-R, and the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) when administered together. Participants were from the Mayo Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS), which include 526 healthy, community-dwelling people ages 55-97 years
TL;DR: In this paper, a Uniform T score (UT score) transformation has been adopted for the MMPI-2 clinical and content scales, and the target distribution is the positively skewed composite (or prototypical) linear T score distribution of MCPI-1 clinical scales.
Abstract: Although normative distributions of MMPI-2 clinical and content scales tend to be positively skewed, individual scales differ in degree of skewness The linear T scores in use with the original MMPI preserve these skewness differences, so identical T scores on different scales can have different percentile values (are not «percentile comparable») This particularly compromises profile interpretations For the MMPI-2, a Uniform T score (UT score) transformation has been adopted Its target distribution is the positively skewed composite (or prototypical) linear T score distribution of MMPI-2 clinical scales UT scores are percentile comparable, yet unlike normalized T scores, depart minimally from the familiar linear T scores We describe the UT score derivation, report degree of percentile comparability achieved, and argue that the positive skewness of the UT-score distributions, besides minmizing discontinuity, is conceptually meaningful
TL;DR: The Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R) is a 28-item questionnaire that shows promise as a sound and valid global self-report measure of the multidimensional bulimia nervosa construct as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R; Thelen, Farmer, Wonderlich, & Smith, 1991) is a 28-item questionnaire that shows promise as a sound and valid global self-report measure of the multidimensional bulimia nervosa construct. This study estimated the reliability and construct validity of the BULIT-R. Specifically, the study examined the correspondence between BULIT-R scores and the self-monitored frequency of the bulimic symptoms of binge eating and purging among 39 college-aged women. Results support the internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity of the BULIT-R