Showing papers in "Review of General Psychology in 2000"
TL;DR: The theory of pair-bond attachment was originally formulated by C. Hazan and P. R. Shaver in 1987 and describes how it has evolved over more than a decade as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The authors review the theory of romantic, or pair-bond, attachment as it was originally formulated by C. Hazan and P. R. Shaver in 1987 and describe how it has evolved over more than a decade. In ...
1,384 citations
TL;DR: The internal working models concept is the foundation for understanding how attachment processes operate in adult relationships, yet many questions exist about the precise nature and structure of w... as mentioned in this paper, which is the same as the internal working model concept used in this paper.
Abstract: The internal working models concept is the foundation for understanding how attachment processes operate in adult relationships, yet many questions exist about the precise nature and structure of w...
488 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed empirically evidence for effects of moods (both naturally occurring and experimentally manipulated) on behavior in terms of an integrative theory: the mood-behavior model (MBM).
Abstract: Empirical evidence for effects of moods (both naturally occurring and experimentally manipulated) on behavior is reviewed in terms of an integrative theory: the mood–behavior model (MBM). It is pos...
258 citations
TL;DR: Attachment theory has, since its inception, contained the proposition that long-term adult romantic relationships (i.e., relationships described by ethologists as pair bonds) are generally attachable as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Attachment theory has, since its inception, contained the proposition that long-term adult romantic relationships (i.e., relationships described by ethologists as “pair bonds”) are generally attach...
210 citations
TL;DR: Buss and Schmitt as mentioned in this paper demonstrate how attachment theory can be used to integrate a diverse set of ideas and research findings and provide a more grounded account of human mating, and demonstrate that attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1988) can also be used in the context of human sexual behavior.
Abstract: Application of the principles of evolution and natural selection to the phenomena of human mating does not lead inevitably to a single theoretical model. According to the standard evolutionary model, formally known as sexual strategies theory (D. M. Buss & D. P. Schmitt, 1993), biologically based sex differences in parental investment have resulted in hard-wired sex differences in mate preferences and mating strategies. A critical analysis of the logical and empirical foundations of the theory reveals several weaknesses and limitations. This article demonstrates how attachment theory (J. Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1988) can be used to integrate a diverse set of ideas and research findings and provide a more grounded account of human mating.
168 citations
TL;DR: The authors made the case that implicit and explicit prejudice is not a unitary construct characterized by automatic access to negative concepts, but rather a set of concepts that can be expressed as a group of concepts.
Abstract: Research on implicit and explicit prejudice has treated implicit prejudice as a unitary construct characterized by automatic access to negative concepts. The present article makes the case that tas...
135 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a modi-modal approach was used to study the emotional expression of human emotional expression and found that it is one of the most powerfully compelling forms of human emotion expression and yet, until recently, it has received little attention from behavioral scientists.
Abstract: Crying is one of the most powerfully compelling forms of human emotional expression, and yet, until recently, crying has received little attention from behavioral scientists. In this article, a mod...
130 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that oxytocin is critical for maternal behavior and pair-bond formation in select nonhuman animals is supported and approaches to the neurobiology of attachment at several levels are described, including molecular, cellular, and whole animal studies.
Abstract: Although much has been written about the psychological aspects of attachment, still relatively little is known about how the brain organizes this complex behavior or how attachment alters brain organization. Recent research has suggested that neuropeptides may be important as neural modulators for several complex behaviors. This review examines the research on one specific neuropeptide, oxytocin, to describe approaches to the neurobiology of attachment at several levels, including molecular, cellular, and whole animal studies. A key to understanding oxytocin's role in behavior is a careful analysis of the pattern of oxytocin receptors in the brain. The available data support the hypothesis that oxytocin is critical for maternal behavior and pair-bond formation in select nonhuman animals. Humans have oxytocin and brain oxytocin receptors, but the role of this neuropeptide system in human attachment remains highly speculative.
109 citations
TL;DR: Theories of creativity have not traditionally considered whether novel ideas or inventive behaviors can result from regularities in the cognitive processes responsible for such activities as discussed by the authors, and they have not considered whether such regularities can be found in the human brain.
Abstract: Theories of creativity have not traditionally considered whether novel ideas or inventive behaviors can result from regularities in the cognitive processes responsible for such activities. Most of ...
104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed seven different types of mood induction procedures for use with children and discussed these procedures in light of a number of critical methodological issues, including the issues considered by the authors.
Abstract: The author reviews 7 different types of mood induction procedures for use with children and discusses these procedures in light of a number of critical methodological issues. The issues considered ...
86 citations
TL;DR: The long-term influence of 54 highly eminent psychologists was hypothesized to be a function of their methodological and theoretical orientation as mentioned in this paper, and individual differences in impact were gauged via th...
Abstract: The long-term influence of 54 highly eminent psychologists was hypothesized to be a function of their methodological and theoretical orientation. Individual differences in impact were gauged via th...
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical review reveals three major paradigms of illusory correlations, i.e., subjective correlations that exaggerate objectively presented contingencies, which are referred to as false correlations.
Abstract: Subjective correlations that exaggerate objectively presented contingencies are usually referred to as illusory correlations. An empirical review reveals 3 major paradigms of illusory correlations,...
TL;DR: The authors argued that problem solving is motivated by feelings and that a person will experience a problem and engage in problem solving only if the person is in a state of "feeling good".
Abstract: This article argues that problem solving is motivated by feelings. The proposition is made that a person will experience a problem and engage in problem solving only if the person is in a state tha...
TL;DR: This issue's discussion focuses on unifying themes, including the interplay between attachment, caregiving, and sexual behavior; attachment functions in adult relationships; evolutionary processes; the operation of internal working models; and continuity in attachment across the life span.
Abstract: In recognition of the broad influence of attachment theory, the articles in this issue cut across diverse areas of psychology and multiple levels of analysis. T. R. Insel (2000) focuses on the mole...
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the issues concerning the prioritization of types of validity still need to be resolved and that most social scientists do not understand internal validity, and several empirical practices for enhancing validity are suggested.
Abstract: Donald Campbell and Lee Cronbach had a long history of mutual respect for and fundamental disagreement with each other's ideas about experimental validity. Issues that Campbell labeled as external validity, Cronbach labeled internal validity. Issues that Campbell labeled internal validity, Cronbach suggested are trivial. Nevertheless, these methodological pioneers share much common ground, in part because of their alliance with Egon Brunswik. As science moved from a deterministic to a probabilistic paradigm, all 3 endeavored to protect behavioral science from validity-threatening practices that could result from naive use of the Fisherian approach to scientific investigation. This review shows that issues concerning the prioritization of types of validity still need to be resolved and that most social scientists do not understand internal validity. Several empirical practices for enhancing validity are suggested. Behavioral scientists believe that establishing a causal relationship requires designing studies that can withstand the argument that the observed effect was caused by something other than the causal factor under consideration. This strategy is commonly called maximizing internal validity (an erroneous label from Donald Campbell's perspective, as discussed subsequently). Internal validity is achieved through random assignment of units to experimental conditions and controlled variation of treatment. In the ideal case, these procedures create a methodological inoculation against the list of potential threats to the legitimacy of conclusions that can be drawn from the observations of the study. In other words, investigators who use the experimental method can make public claims regarding the causal effect of the stimulus.
TL;DR: In this paper, loss of motivation refers either to the weakening of a motive q or to the loss of energy and persistence with which some subordinate goal p is planned for and pursued in view of q.
Abstract: Loss of motivation refers either to the weakening of a motive q or to the loss of energy and persistence with which some subordinate goal p is planned for and pursued in view of q. Although interre...
TL;DR: Alcoholics Anonymous is probably the most influential self-help organization in the world, with a current worldwide membership approaching 2 million as discussed by the authors. The origin of the organization has ties to Carl...
Abstract: Alcoholics Anonymous is probably the most influential self-help organization in the world, with a current worldwide membership approaching 2 million. The origin of the organization has ties to Carl...
TL;DR: The origins and utility of Gestalt psychology for modern experimental psychology were discussed in this article, where Wertheimer's connections with Gestalt psychologists Max Wertheim and Max Wasserstein were discussed.
Abstract: At the 1st author's request, the 2nd author was interviewed on Gestalt psychology's origins and utility for modern experimental psychology. Wertheimer's connections with Gestalt psychologists Max W...
TL;DR: In this paper, the evolutionary problem with which generalization deals and then outlines a model of responses to a situation requiring generalization and a taxonomy of generalisation and transfer processes are discussed.
Abstract: This article integrates work on generalization and transfer into a coherent framework. It analyzes the evolutionary problem with which generalization deals and then outlines a model of responses to a situation requiring generalization and a taxonomy of generalization and transfer processes. Key tenets are that many different generalization processes exist, that there are wide individual differences in which processes may occur, and that generalization of declarative knowledge usually involves concepts. Three experiments tested 2 tenets. One experiment suggested that generalization gradients found in the specialized paradigm used to study human stimulus generalization simply represent failure to perceptually discriminate between stimuli. The other experiments, involving a different paradigm, found step functions along dimensions instead of decremental gradients. They show that the traditional stimulus generalization paradigm is a type of concept learning paradigm. Participants generalize along a continuum by placing stimuli into categories. The experiments also show many different responses to a situation requiring generalization.