Showing papers in "Scientometrics in 1990"
TL;DR: In the present flash co-authorship data of science journal papers published in the 1981-1985 period are compiled and analysed and a similar investigation is focussed on international collaboration in analytical chemistry.
Abstract: In a comprehensive study of scientific collaboration, Beaver and Rosen 1 have convincingly shown on the example of the 19th century French scientific community that collaborative scientific research, formally acknowledged by co-authorship of scientific apers, originated, developed, and continues to be practiced as a response to the professionalization of science. An extension to this type of inquiries to international collaboration has been made by Frame and Carpenter 2 in a study of world-wide coauthorship. International co-authorship data for the major countries are regularly reported also in NSF's renowned Science Indicators (more recently, Science & Engineering Indicators) series. 3 More recent research on the same topic came from the French LEPI (Laboratoire et de Prospective Internationales) as part of its MEV (Micro-Evaluation) programme 4 and from Moed and Tijssen 5-6 in exploratory case studies of international Dutch collaboration. As a sequel to the above-mentioned studies, in the present flash co-authorship data of science journal papers published in the 1981-1985 period are compiled and analysed. A similar investigation is focussed on international collaboration in analytical chemistry. 7
176 citations
TL;DR: Assessments of the value of peer-review procedures in journal manuscript evaluation should take into account features of the entire scholarly communications system present in a field.
Abstract: Studies of representative samples of submissions to scientific journals show statistically significant associations between referees' recommendations. These associations are moderately large given the multidimensional and unstable character of scientists' evaluations of papers, and composites of referees' recommendations can significantly aid editors in selecting manuscripts for publication, especially when there is great variability in the quality of submissions and acceptance rates are low. Assessments of the value of peer-review procedures in journal manuscript evaluation should take into account features of the entire scholarly communications system present in a field.
78 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of the distribution of HCPs over the years provides support for the claim that the number of highly cited papers has some advantages as an indicator of an author's scientific impact.
Abstract: After presenting arguments that the number of highly cited papers (HCPs, 25 or more citations) has some advantages as an indicator of an author's scientific impact, the paper discusses citation data of 338 university professors in departments of medicine in the Netherlands. An analysis of the distribution of HCPs over the years provides support for the following conclusions: (1) prolific researchers with a large number of HCPs usually manifest themselves already in their Ph.D. work, apparently almost independent of the scientific setting; (2) it cannot be taken for granted that a successful Ph.D. student with some HCPs connected with his/her doctoral thesis will become a prolific successful researcher; (3) it is unlikely that an unsuccessful Ph.D. student without HCPs connected with his/her doctoral thesis will turn out to be a prolific successful researcher; and (4) for researchers, just as for artists, sportsmen, etc., talent is the most decisive factor in being successful.
68 citations
TL;DR: Several interesting effects, as delayed growth and temporal disappearance as well as rapid growth and overshooting of a new field, are shown by the simulations.
Abstract: According to the connection between field mobility and coupled manpower growth processes in a system of scientific fields a deterministic, stochastic and continuous version of an evolution model is presented. Some simulation results on base of the stochastic model are given in Section 5 and compared with corresponding trend analyses of the deterministic model. Several interesting effects, as delayed growth and temporal disappearance as well as rapid growth and overshooting of a new field, are shown by the simulations.
55 citations
TL;DR: The present study attempts to shed light on some quantitative aspects of the research performance in both parts of Germany, to determine the initial position and future of the United Germany in scientific research.
Abstract: As a consequence of the dramatic upheaval in East-Europe the German reunification has become one of the central problems of nowadays. Several relevant publications have more or less cautiously forecasted the rise of a new superpower in the midst of Europe. The present study attempts to shed light on some quantitative aspects of the research performance in both parts of Germany. Selected citation based indicators are used to determine the initial position and future of the United Germany in scientific research. Though the reunification involves an essential increase of the "scientific potential", the actual indicator values exhort to rather cautious expectations concerning the immediate intensification of research performance.
55 citations
TL;DR: The concept of entropy well-know in information theory and thermodynamics is applied in the fields of scientometrics and innovation research in order to introduce an indicator for the institutional involvement in of the location of research and development.
Abstract: The concept of entropy well-know in information theory and thermodynamics is applied in the fields of scientometrics and innovation research in order to introduce an indicator for the institutional involvement in of the location of research and development. By means of this concept four applications in the fields of research and national technology policy, industrial technology management, and innovation research are outlined. First, the national institutional structures in telecommunications research and development in Japan are compared to those of the Netherlands. It is concluded that the institutional involvement is not always more random in a larger country but rather depends on the disaggregation into fields and subfields. Secondly, broad versus narrow national technology strategies in the so-called “high technologies” are compared for various OECD and COMECON countries. Thirdly, corporate R & D strategies of Japanese telecommunication companies are studied. Fourthly, for selected R & D-intensive technologies it is shown that with the progress of time the involvement of industrial branches in a new technology fluctuates. The four analyses are based either on bibliometric or on patent data. The usefulness of the concept of entropy in scientometrics and innovation research is assessed through these examples.
46 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the attempts to apply bibliometric methods in English Studies is given and the highly individual nature of research in the humanities is stressed and differences in subfields are illustrated.
Abstract: The article starts from the specific difficulties of applying quantitative analysis to the humanities and the general resistance to such analysis in the Federal Republic of Germany. It gives a survey of the attempts to apply bibliometric methods in English Studies, the only subject investigated so far. The highly individual nature of research in the humanities is stressed and differences in subfields are illustrated. There is little influence of departmental size or age on the publication behaviour of individuals. More studies of citation behaviour are needed for a reliable evaluation of the impact of research in the humanities.
46 citations
TL;DR: An attempt is made to clarify the relationships among disciplines by examining the flow of citation and the migration of scholars in the humanities and social sciences in Japan by analyzing the results of both methods.
Abstract: An attempt is made to clarify the relationships among disciplines by examining the flow of citation and the migration of scholars in the humanities and social sciences in Japan. The results of both methods are consistent with each other. In humanities and social sciences in Japan, distinct hierarchical relationships are recognized between disciplines offering much information to other disciplines and disciplines obtaining much information from other disciplines.
34 citations
TL;DR: A study designed to investigate the peer review system at the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft shows a wide range of criteria used, an uneven distribution of positive and negative evaluation along these criteria, high inter-referee agreement and different degrees of impact of the evaluations on the overall recommendation.
Abstract: Results of a study designed to investigate the peer review system at theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft are presented. 242 applications for grants and 639 corresponding reviews were analysed to explore criteria actually used by peers in assessing the quality of proposals. The findings show a wide range of criteria used, an uneven distribution of positive and negative evaluation along these criteria, high inter-referee agreement and different degrees of impact of the evaluations on the overall recommendation.
29 citations
TL;DR: This first generation of German research evaluation studies should be viewed more as examplifying interesting methodological approaches than as offering definitive and clear-cut conclusions, Nevertheless some important lessons have been learnt from fifteen years of studies on university research performance evaluation.
Abstract: This paper reviews the history of research performance evaluation in the university sector of the Federal Republic of Germany over a fifteen-year period from 1975---88. While the first studies were rankings of entire institutions, recent studies have focused on performance differences between departments and individual researchers of the same discipline. Many different performance measures have been used to rank universities and departments within disciplines. Differences in conceptualization, data collection, counting and weighting procedures, however, make it very difficult to generalize findings across studies. This first generation of German research evaluation studies should, therefore, be viewed more as examplifying interesting methodological approaches than as offering definitive and clear-cut conclusions. Nevertheless some important lessons have been learnt from fifteen years of studies on university research performance evaluation.
29 citations
TL;DR: Patent indicators allow for a differentiated observation of technological advances before the actual emergence of an innovation, and recent developments in superconductivity provide an example.
Abstract: The publication of patent applications by the patent offices is the first information available about new technologies. But patent statistics are often distorted due to the exceedingly great number of domestic applications field in Japan and the delayed publication of patent applications filed in the USA. These distortions can be eliminated to a great extent if only those patent applications are considered for which external applications are also included. Patent indicators allow for a differentiated observation of technological advances before the actual emergence of an innovation. Recent developments in superconductivity provide an example.
TL;DR: A model of change in the field of polymer science is proposed based on the observation that the interaction of several networks gives rise to a sub-network that is at first central and then — central and developed (without its precise content being predictable).
Abstract: We use co-word analysis in a retrospective study of the transformation of the knowledge network in the field of polymer science from 1973 to 1976. The results of this study lead us to propose a model of change in the field. This model is based on the observation that the interaction of several networks gives rise to a sub-network that is at first central and then - and this is what the model allows us to predict — central and developed (without its precise content being predictable). Such sub-networks begin in regions of the network of central associated words where there are numerous holes or incomplete links. The model appears to be sufficiently robust statistically that it does not miss significant transformations and it suggests a way of predicting knowledge development. A comparison is made with other models of network transformation, such as the contagion model and the model of local structural equivalence.
TL;DR: This study shows that academic Brazilian scientists in chemistry and electrical engineering tend to publish in “good” international journals covered by SCI, but the rate of citations they earn looks rather poor.
Abstract: Against the common view that scientific output in peripheral and non-English speaking countries is largely underrepresented inScience Citation Index (SCI), this study shows that academic Brazilian scientists in chemistry and electrical engineering tend to publish in “good” international journals covered bySCI. The rate of citations they earn, however, looks rather poor. The reasons why Brazilian scientists publish in foreign journals are analysed and the policy of encouraging scientists to publish their best contributions abroad is questioned.
TL;DR: Data derived from studies of Philippine scientists and Korean mathematicians do suggest that place of publication may exert some influence on citation behavior, and a scientist is more likely to cite national sources when publishing in a national journal than when publishing internationally.
Abstract: Two separate studies have looked at the question of whether or not the sources cited by scientists when they publish in their own national journals differ somewhat from the sources they cite when they publish outside their own country. Data derived from studies of Philippine scientists and Korean mathematicians do suggest that place of publication may exert some influence on citation behavior. In particular, a scientist is more likely to cite national sources when publishing in a national journal than when publishing internationally.
TL;DR: There was no evidence that men and women differ in terms of the impact of articles they publish, when allowance was made for the different numerical representation of the two sexes among authors.
Abstract: In considering whether men and women produce research of equal quality, it needs to be asked not whether similar numbers of important contributions come from men and women (since numerically there have been more men than women among researchers), but whether the proportion of women active in research who make important contributions is the same as the proportion of men active in research who make important contributions. A search of entries in the 1985 edition ofSocial Sciences Citation Index located 564 articles from psychology journals which had attracted 15 or more citations. The sex ratio among senior authors of these high-impact articles was compared with the sex-ratio among senior authors of low-impact articles published in the same journals. The majority of high-impact articles had been published by men, but so had most low-impact articles. When allowance was made for the different numerical representation of the two sexes among authors, there was no evidence that men and women differ in terms of the impact of articles they publish. The results are discussed in the context of methodological issues in evaluation of sex differences in scientific performance, as well as with reference to the limited recognition that women so far have gained for research achievement in psychology.
TL;DR: The study discusses the application of various forms of time series analysis to national performance data for EEC countries and the US and shows that at the aggregated level, a straightforward relation exists between output and input, which varies with time.
Abstract: The study discusses the application of various forms of time series analysis to national performance data for EEC countries and the US. First, it is shown that at the aggregated level, a straightforward relation exists between output and input, which varies with time. Various analytical techniques to account for the time factor are discussed. By using information theory, a simple formula can be derived which gives the best prediction for the following year's data. Subsequently, this model is extended to multi-variate forecasting of distributions. Additionally, it can be shown by using this method that in terms of percentage of world share of publications the hypothesis that the EEC develops as a single publication system has to be rejected. However, when co-authorship relations among EEC member countries are used as an indicator, the predominance of a system is suggested.
TL;DR: The fit of Bradford's Law to bibliometrics — a field which is both interdisciplinary and relatively new was investigated and it is found that, contrary to expectations, the data fit Bradford’s Law very well, particularly in the more recent period, 1979–1983.
Abstract: The fit of Bradford's Law to bibliometrics — a field which is both interdisciplinary and relatively new was investigated. It is found that, contrary to expectations, the data fit Bradford's Law very well, particularly in the more recent period, 1979–1983. There are, in both periods studied, seven core journals with about 30% of the papers; most of these journals are specialized in information science or documentation. No “falling away” from Bradford's distribution towards the right-hand end of the bibliography was observed.
TL;DR: Investigates the trends in environmental science research in India with regard to its various branches, channels of communication used, authorship pattern of the papers, institution-wise output, rank of journals, extent of collaboration and scholarship of papers basing the entries noticed in the Paryavaran Abstracts.
Abstract: Investigates the trends in environmental science research in India with regard to its various branches, channels of communication used, authorship pattern of the papers, institution-wise output, rank of journals, extent of collaboration and scholarship of papers basing the entries noticed in theParyavaran Abstracts. Major areas of interest of Indian environmentalists are given and prolific investigators have been listed. Journals used by Indian workers for publication of their work are studied. Subject areas with number of papers, number of authors, and average authorship are tabulated.
TL;DR: The findings, in the form of inclusion maps (resulting from multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis), provide new insights into geophysics national activity and into its structure.
Abstract: Descriptive capacities of a new bibliometric method, namely co-heading analysis, are investigated. The method uses the appearance and co-appearance of classification subdivisions (headings) in the document records of 1988 INSPEC database to display correspondingly the main topics of Australian geophysics and their links. The findings, in the form of inclusion maps (resulting from multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis) provide new insights into geophysics national activity and into its structure.
TL;DR: The possibility of predicting in terms of specified variables with hindsight, gives a quantitative measure for testing hypotheses concerning the reconstruction of scientific developments, and some implications for the construction of artificial intelligence using textual archives, as a knowledge base will be discussed.
Abstract: In a previous paper a static model for the relations among science indicators was discussed. From the perspective of science dynamics, we are interested not in relations among variables or indicators, but in the prediction of an event, given comparable events about which we already have knowledge. The quality of the prediction can be measured by the expected information valueI of the message, which converts thea priori probabilities of the events stored in the knowledge base into thea posteriori probabilities of the event. The possibility of predicting in terms of specified variables with hindsight, gives a quantitative measure for testing hypotheses concerning the reconstruction of scientific developments. Some implications for the construction of artificial intelligence using textual archives, as a knowledge base will be discussed.
TL;DR: The application of a recently introduced set of scientometric indicators provides clues to undertanding the growth of a new research specialty from a core body of seminal literature.
Abstract: Publication and citation data are used to analyse the dynamics of the theoretical highenergy physics specialty “Monte Carlo methods in lattice field theory”. The present study is based on a comprehensive bibliography of the given subject area for the six-year period 1979–1984 and the 1979–1985 citations to these papers. The application of a recently introduced set of scientometric indicators provides clues to undertanding the growth of a new research specialty from a core body of seminal literature.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple phase model for scientific and technological progress is discussed, and the supplementary functions of various science and technology indicators are discussed starting from a simple Phase Model for Scientific and Technological progress.
Abstract: Starting from a simple phase model for scientific and technological progress the supplementary functions of various science and technology indicators are discussed. In particular, patent and literature indicators in the field of telecommunicationsR&D in West Germany are presented and compared. In addition, a few selected technometric,R&D expenditure, and trade data are included for the sake of completeness. This network of science and technology indicators is employed to analyse the institutional set up and the trends in telecommunicationsR&D on the macro-level (national level) as well as for singleR&D actors (institutional or micro-level). Further, the role of academic and other publicR&D in West Germany, including the regional distribution of activities and the specialization with respect to telecommunication subfields, are assessed. It is concluded that the various science and technology indicators -- at least in the case of West German telecommunications --supplement each other. Synergisms between indicators do exist and should be explored better in future work. The case of telecommunications is ideal for such an exploratory assessment as it includes basic and applied research as well as strong industrial development activities.
TL;DR: It is suggested that, in spite of their limitations, small bibliometric studies of selected populations, which control for at least some of the relevant covariates, might become a helpful tool in clarifying some issues in science policy.
Abstract: Is research which receives grant support more cited than unfunded research? The answer to this question for the field of economics is — at least tentatively — affirmative. However, in pursuing this query several methodological questions are encountered and discussed, ranging from the choice of the statistical model and of the population, through the control of covariates, to the selection of the unit of investigation. It is suggested that, in spite of their limitations, small bibliometric studies of selected populations, which control for at least some of the relevant covariates, might become a helpful tool in clarifying some issues in science policy.
TL;DR: The productivity and growth characteristics of the research in experimental and theoretical areas as well as in different subfields and institutions in the country are briefly discussed.
Abstract: The output of a total of 860 publications in physics for the period 1938–1987 is used to analyse the mainstream of physics research in Turkey. The productivity and growth characteristics of the research in experimental and theoretical areas as well as in different subfields and institutions in the country are briefly discussed. The total output is also assessed by its citation impact.
TL;DR: The article deals with the various problems of an implementation of publication indicators on a departmental level in West-German universities.
Abstract: The article deals with the various problems of an implementation of publication indicators on a departmental level in West-German universities. The German university system relies mostly on social and informal control mechanisms. Bibliometric indicators can provide adequate information for an effective social control in such a system. However, they will only be accepted and effective if they are valid, thoroughly reliable and robust. A successful adaptation of individual goals and behaviour depends largely on the particular interests and incentives of the faculty members across various departmental arrangements.
TL;DR: Investigation of the relationship among physical scientists in some Nigerian universities found that there can be no systematic relationship between productivity and communication activities.
Abstract: The central activity on which scientific enterprise revolves and is sustained is communication. Under normal circumstances, there is a correlation between the output of a scientist in terms of publications and the amount of time spent in communicating with other scientists or the extent of his contacts with other scientists. This relationship was investigated among physical scientists in some Nigerian universities; but the results do not substantiate it. This can be attributed to a host of constraints being experienced by the scientists in their research and communication activities. Consequently, performance in these activities is inconsistent and unpredictable, and so, there can be no systematic relationship between productivity and communication activities.
TL;DR: Evaluations of research institutes, recommendations on structural changes in the higher education system, and statistics concerning the age structure of professors and the employment prospects for young academics are presented.
Abstract: This article briefly presents some of theWissenschaftsrat's recent activities which were (and are) particularly designed to exert an influence on the structural development of German universities,Fachhochschulen and research institutes: Evaluations of research institutes, recommendations on structural changes in the higher education system, and statistics concerning the age structure of professors and the employment prospects for young academics. The focal point will be the question: What has been the impact of the reports and recommendations on higher education and research policies?
TL;DR: The research activity of chemists from the “Rugjer Bošković” Institute (RBI, Zagreb, Yugoslavia) was analyzed for the period 1976–1985, covering 2018 research years of scientific work, and 1149 SCI registered papers.
Abstract: The research activity of chemists from the “Rugjer Boskovic” Institute (RBI, Zagreb, Yugoslavia) was analyzed for the period 1976–1985, covering 2018 research years of scientific work, and 1149 SCI registered papers (0.57 publications per research year). At the average, one paper was published by 3.05 scientists. The papers were published in 235 different journals, most frequently is the nationalCroatica Chemica Acta (171 papers). The publications were divided into two groups: for the periods 1976–1980 and 1981–1985, and for each paper citations were collected in the respective time period. An average publication had 2.58 citations. Chemical papers from the second period had 2.73 citations per paper, which is 85% of the expected value, and this was considerably more than for Yugoslav papers (66%) in general. The papers were classified according to the subfields used in theJournal Citation Reports, and the results compared with the data published bySchubert, Glanzel andBraun. The distribution of citations was also analyzed.
TL;DR: The authors analyzed how knowledge about one indicator (nominal variable) can reduce our uncertainty in the prediction of other indicators, and how relations across various levels of aggregation can be assessed using the occurrences of words in texts as the prime nominal variable which can be easily counted by the machine.
Abstract: The expected information content of distributions provides us with a straightforward means to develop a static and a dynamic model for the development of the sciences. This first study analyzes how knowledge about one indicator (nominal variable) can reduce our uncertainty in the prediction of other indicators, and how relations across various levels of aggregation can be assessed. It uses the occurrences of words in texts as the prime nominal variable which can be easily counted by the machine
TL;DR: A comparison of 30 developing countries shows that the polarisation in economic development of the countries considered confirms the view that the future of national development is linked to the scientific and technological potential.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to make a distinction between (a) a society's ability to generate a scientific and technological potential (generativity), (b) the potential itself and (c) the country's capacity to absorb or receive scientific and technological research results (respectivity). These three complexes are represented by joint indicators covering both levels and structures. A comparison of 30 developing countries (DC) shows, inter alia, that: (a) the polarisation in economic development of the countries considered confirms the view that the future of national development is linked to the scientific and technological potential, (b) joint indicators can interpret better than a comparison of pairs of single indicators, (c) countries with comparable levels of the three capacities (generativity, R & D potential and receptivity) differ mostly in the structures. These structures seem to determine the differences in the use of the capacities, (d) the level of R & D potential is related more closely to the country's ability to absorb scientific and technological results than with its resources for building up this potential.