Showing papers in "Textile Research Journal in 1978"
TL;DR: In this paper, the simulation of complex fabric deformations, in which the textile fabric is treated as a continuous sheet, requires a suitable formulation of the mechanical behavior of the fabric.
Abstract: The simulation of complex fabric deformations, in which the textile fabric is treated as a continuous sheet, requires a suitable formulation of the mechanical behavior of the fabric. The problem is considered within the basic framework of the engineering theory of shells and plates, including some features not previously noted in the textile literature. The validity of the assumption of continuity is discussed in view of the structure exhibited by textile fabrics.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general energy analysis has been formulated and applied to the study of fabric mechanics with the aid of computer programs, mainly concerned with the elastic or recoverable mechanisms of fabric rheology.
Abstract: A general energy analysis has been formulated and applied to the study of fabric mechanics with the aid of computer programs. The analysis is chiefly concerned with the elastic or recoverable mechanisms of fabric rheology. The com puter programs can be readily adapted to provide a solution for various fabric structures and deformations simply changing the boundary conditions.The energy analysis is based on the fundamental principle that elastic structures alway s assume a confguration of minimum strain energy, regardless of the deformation applied. The resulting minimization problem is solved with the use of a specific optimization technique -i.e., it is treated as an optimal control problem. In particular, the total yarn strain encrgy (consisting of the sum of the individual yarn bending. torsion, lateral compression, and longitudinal extension strain energies) is minimized, subject to certain constraints which give rise to internal forces and couples acting within the fabric structure itself. The constr...
64 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general formula for the estimation of fiber orientation and distribution in fiber assemblies whose constituent fibers are arbitrarily crimped is derived. But it is not shown that the fiber length can be estimated by two methods.
Abstract: General formulas are derived for the estimation of fiber orientation and distribution in fiber assemblies whose constituent fibers are arbitrarily crimped. It is found that the density function of orientation can be estimated by solving an integral equation which relates it to the average numbers of fiber cross sections formed on the unit areas of randomly positioned and variously-oriented secant planes. The formula is:ν(Θ, Φ) = L ∫π0 dθ ∫π 0 dϕ.1(θ, ϕ; Θ, Φ)Ω(θ. ϕ) sin θ ,where L is the total length of the fibers in a unit volume, Ω(θ, ϕ) sin θ is the density function of fiber orientation, ν Θ, Φ is the areal density of the number of intersections formed by a secant plane with an orientation of (Θ, Φ), and 1 θ, ϕ; Θ,Φ is defined as | sin θ sin Θ cos(ϕ - Φ) + cosθ cos Φ. It is shown also that the total fiber length can be calculated by two methods.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the linear clastic response of a diamond tubular braid containing a flexil le elastic core was developed for small displacements, and special assumptions were made regar...
Abstract: A model is developed for the linear clastic response of a diamond tubular braid containing a flexil le elastic core. The analysis assumes small displacements, and special assumptions are made regar...
45 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a wide range of commercially-produced outerwear fabrics have been analyzed in terms of the elastic and frictional resistance to bending and shear deformations, and the properties of the fabrics were compared.
Abstract: Mechanical properties of a wide range of commercially-produced outerwear fabrics have been analyzed in terms of the elastic and frictional resistance to bending and shear deformations. The fabrics ...
39 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of changing the liquid flow rate and of prewetting or re-drying the fabric samples were examined, and it was shown that coarse metal screens, which were used at first to support the fabrics, were shown to have a considerable effect on certain of the wetting responses.
Abstract: 1A new experimental method has been developed for studying wetting and steady-state liquid flow through fabrics. By moving a liquid into contact with and through a fabric at a constant rate while measuring the resulting changes in pressure, a much more detailed picture of the wetting-through process is achieved than has previously been possible. Evidence is presented that, in contrast to what has generally been assumed, fibrous materials can exhibit both a spontaneous wetting response on initial contact and a subsequent resistance to wetting-through. The effects of changing the liquid flow rate and of pre-wetting or re-drying the fabric samples were examined. Coarse metal screens, which were used at first to support the fabrics, were shown to have a considerable effect on certain of the wetting responses, a finding which has implications for all wetting studies in which a fabric is supported by a screen or other porous substrate. Subsequent papers will analyze in more detail the observed wetting and sttad...
34 citations
TL;DR: A detailed investigation of the shrink-resist effect imparted to wool by potassium permanganate solution is described in this paper, where it is shown that the increased consumption of KMnO4 increased with time, temperature, and concentration of the treating bath.
Abstract: A detailed investigation of the shrink-resist effect imparted to wool by potassium permanganate solution is described. The KMnO4 consumed by the wool increased with time, temperature, and concentration of the treating bath. The addi tion of a relatively small amount of sodium chloride in the range of 10 g/l. to the KMnO4 treatment bath incrased to some extent the KMnO4 consumed by the wool. The acidic KMnO4 treatment imparted better shrink resist properties to the wool, as well as less yellowing when compared with an alkaline treatment. The treatment produced some bleach ing effects to wool that makes it possible to use milder bleaching conditions subsequently without effecting the level of whiteness.Amino acids cystine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were greatly affected by the KMnO4 treatment. This observation may be compared with the changes associated with chlorinated or H2O2 treated wool. Nitrogen and sulfur contents decreased with increased extent of KMnO4 treatment. Alkali and urea bisulfite solubilitie...
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the observed pressure changes are explained on the basis that the interfiber capillary channels are actually hourglass-shaped, so that the inclination of the fiber walls at the contact line, the meniscus shape, and thus the capillary pressure all change as the liquid front passes through.
Abstract: When a liquid front is forced upward through a fabric at a constant rate, the pressure measured in the liquid generally goes through first a negative and then a positive change during the interval required to wet through the fabric. Such a re sponse is unexpected if, as is customary, the fabric is considered as an array of cylindrical capillaries with axes in the direc tion of flow. With cylindrical capillaries the pressure could change in such a manner only if there were a change in the sur face energy of the capillary walls. In this paper the observed pressure changes are explained on the basis that the interfiber capillary channels are actually hourglass-shaped, so that the inclination of the fiber walls at the contact line, the meniscus shape, and thus the capillary pressure all change as the liquid front passes through. This analysis applies strictly to systems in equilibrium; for a moving liquid front, an increase in liquid flow velocity could be responsible for an increase in the height of the posi...
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, preliminary data on the efliciency of two new light stahilizers, belonging to the hindered amine group, show that these products are very suitable for the stabilization of polypropylene fibers and stretched tapes.
Abstract: Preliminary data on the efliciency of two new light stahilizers, belonging to the hindered amine group, show that these products are very suitable for the stabilization of polypropylene fibers and stretched tapes. The new additives are very resistant to the leaching action of hot water, even if surfactants are added. They also exhibit good long-term antioxidant properties.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, several variations of polymerization-crosslinking of N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) in cotton were explored to clarify factors critical to achievement of resilience with superior retentions of strength and abrasion resistance in fabric.
Abstract: Several variations of polymerization-crosslinking of N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) in cotton were explored to clarify factors critical to achievement of resilience with superior retentions of strength and abrasion resistance in fabric. Per sulfate catalysis simultaneously initiated both polymerization and crosslinking reactions of NMA in cotton fabric; the results from dry-cure reactions fell in the conventional range of textile performance properties achieved by treatment of cotton fabric with agents such as dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea. Wet-cure reactions carried out in scaled bags at or above 100°C resulted in low resilience, high retentions of strength-abrasion resistance, and large increases in stiffness, the last attributed to fiber bonding in yarns. Wet-cure reactions conducted at or below 80°C caused little stiffness, and only in these cases was a subsequent catalyzed dry-cure reaction effective in raising resilience with good retentions of strength and abrasion resistance. Inclusion of alkali met...
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the kinetic order n and the average soil-removal rate coefficient k of particulate soil detergency can be determined by measuring soil removal during a constant time interval Δt as a function of soil content of the fabric.
Abstract: It is shown that the kinetic order n and the average soil-removal rate coefficient k of particulate soil detergency can be determined by measuring soil removal during a constant time interval Δt as a function of soil content of the fabric. With iron oxide as the model soil on cotton poplin and polyester fabrics, the kinetic order was found to be 1.1. The rate coefficient k decreases with increasing washing time, causing a deviation from first-order kinetics.
TL;DR: In this article, the viscoclastic properties of a three element model with Hookean Springs and a dashpot containing a non Newtonian power-law liquid were considered, and the equations for creep recov...
Abstract: The viscoclastic characteristics of a three element model, which has two Hookean Springs and a dashpot containing a non Newtonian power-law liquid, are considered, and the equations for creep recov...
TL;DR: In this article, a system of predicting skein strength in Egyptian cottons with minor modifications was applied to predict the yarn strength in the Uplands and Pima types.
Abstract: A system of predicting skein strength in Egyptian cottons was, with minor modifications, applied for predicting skein strength of American cottons of the hirsutum type (Uplands) and of the barbadense type (Pima), using the same linear equation. The independent variable in the prediction equation is a simple function of two of the measured properties of the fibers: staple length and fiber tenacity with specified yarn number. The dependent variable is a function of the observed skein strength, the specified number, and the specified turns per meter. By means of such configuration of variables, it was possible to extend the prediction process through a wide range of fiber properties, yarn counts, and yam twists. The correlation coefficient was high (+0.97), while the average absolute deviation from regression was 31.6 N for samples of individuals and 12 N for samples of averages.
TL;DR: In this article, the textile chemical finishing industry has become more interested in catalysts based on light metals for dif-ferent catalysts for textiles, such as light-metal catalysts.
Abstract: Because of dangers to the environment from disposal of solutions containing heavy metals, the textile chemical finishing industry has become more interested in catalysts based on light metals for d...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of nitrogen plasma on the morphology and properties of tasar silk fibers and fabrics has been investigated using the techniques of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy.
Abstract: The effect of nitrogen plasma on the morphology and properties of tasar silk fibers and fabrics has been investigated. The changes in the morphological structure were studied using the techniques of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The changes in some textile properties. such as wettability, drying rate, and crease recovery, as a result of plasma treatment, were also studied. It was found that the plasma treatment is effective only on the surface of the fibers and fabrics. Wettability increased and the drying rate became faster due to the treatment; however, the crease-recovery angle decreased. The results were used to arrive at an understanding regarding the internal structure of tasar silk.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of carding rate, spindle speed, and other production variables on the strength, uni formity, and lint shedding tendencies of ring-spun cotton knitting yarns were determined.
Abstract: The effects of carding rate. total spinning draft, spindle speed, and other production variables on the strength, uni formity, and lint-shedding tendencies of ring-spun cotton knitting yarns were determined. The results showed that higher carding rates improved fiber orientation and produced stronger, more uniform yarns; however, neps in the yarn were increased. Increasing total spinning draft also produced stronger, more uniform yarns. Lower spindle speeds resulted in slightly stronger, more uniform yarns with fewer neps and other imperfections. Optimum conditions for minimum lint shedding during knitting were obtained with lower carding rates and higher total spinning drafts and spindley speeds. Other processing variables that favored reduced lint shedding were combing using double-creded roving, and increasing yarn twist.
TL;DR: Blends of a coarse and fine and a high-and low-strength cotton were varied to determine their effect on open-end spinning and yarn properties as mentioned in this paper, finding that fiber fineness was more important in open-ended than in...
Abstract: Blends of a coarse and fine and a high- and low-strength cotton were varied to determine their effect on open-end spinning and yarn properties. Fiber fineness was more important in open-end than in...
TL;DR: In this article, anionic surfactants were used to promote polymer desorption in the hair and showed a strong specific anion effect which reflected the amn~v of surfactant anions for sorption sites on both the polymer [3J and the hair (~~).
Abstract: effects were attributed to competition between the added cations and the cationic polymer for the sorption sites of the hair and, for simple electrolytes, were shown to be uninfluenced by the choice of anion. In the case of anionic surfactants, however, polymer sorption experiments ~2~ revealed a strong specific anion effect which reflects the amn~v of surfactant anions for sorption sites on both the polymer [3J and the hair (~~. It was therefore expected that anionic surfactahts would prove to 1e effective in promoting polymer desorption. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was obtained from
TL;DR: The gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the water-surfactant soluble components and or natural contaminants on cotton fibers was refined and made quantitative by use of an internal standard as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the water-surfactant soluble components and or natural contaminants on cotton fibers was refined and made quantitative by use of an internal standard. The...
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that cutting yarns with a polyvinyl alcohol-based product reduces fly quantity significantly but is an impractical solution to the problem, since yarn lubrication using wax has no signficant effect on either the amount or composition of deposited fly.
Abstract: Approximately 50% by weight of all ily released from a carded cotton yarn during knitting is deposited at the cone- unwinding point. Most of this fly consists of short fibers 2 mm or less in length. Normal yarn lubrication using wax has no signficant effect on either the amount or composition of deposited fly. Slashing yarns with a polyvinyl alcohol- based product reduces fly quantity significantly but is an impractical solution to the problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, inorganic and proximate compositions were determined for total and fine (under 20 μm diameter) dusts from cotton gins, textile mills; oil mills, and cotton compresses.
Abstract: Inorganic and proximate compositions were determined for total and fine (under 20 μm diameter) dusts from cotton gins, textile mills; oil mills, and cotton compresses. The ash content of fine dusts was higher than that in total dust samples but decreased with the stage of processing in textile mills and gins. Inorganic composition often differed exten sively and appeared to depend on the soil composition and growing location. Large differences in water solubility and protein content also were observed. The difference between total and fine cardroom dusts was primarily in fiber content. Numerically and gravimetrically, the vast majority of mineral particles and plant fragments in carding dust appeared to be under 20 μm diameter. Little difference was found in the relative ratios of inorganic elements and nonfiber plant fragments in total and fine gin dust samples. Differences in dust composition Were often greater from one gin, mill, or compress to another than those among samples obtained at different sta...
TL;DR: Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is the only textile fiber, either commercial or developmental, which under normal conditions is nonflammable in air, emits little or no smoke, and produces virtually no toxic offgases up to a temperature of 560°C as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is the only textile fiber, either commercial or developmental, which under normal conditions is nonflammable in air, emits little or no smoke, and produces virtually no toxic offgases up to a temperature of 560°C. PBI also has the textile processing properties of polyester, and garments made from PBI have a high level of comfort. PBI'has a useful temperature limit of about 560°C, which is about 200°C higher than commercial high-temperature organic fibers. PBI shrinks less than 10% between room temperature and 600°C. The key textile properties of PBI are discussed, as well as its high- temperature performance.
TL;DR: It has been shown that the initial Hookean region (0-1.5% strain) in the stress strain curve of keratin is nonlinear, as predicted theoretically for a viscoelastic material such as kerat as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It has been shown that the initial, so-called Hookean region (0-1.5% strain) in the stress strain curve of keratin is nonlinear, as predicted theoretically for a viscoelastic material such as kerat...
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a range of water-soluble 2 arylbenzotriazoles on the photoyellowing rate of bleached wool have been investigated.
Abstract: The effects of a range of water-soluble 2 arylbenzotriazoles on the photoyellowing rate of bleached wool have been investigated. Variation in substitution pattern in the 2 aryl ring yielded vastly different effects. Some retardation of photoyellowing is observed with derivatives containing a hydroxyl group ortho to the benzotriazole ring, whereas the rate is accelerated by derivatives devoid of such a suhstituent or with an amino group in this position.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method described by the first author for measuring the specific volume of a yarn by a bead-displacement technique has been adapted to measure the volume of void space in a carpet pile, and so for obtaining an objective measurement of the texture of the pile.
Abstract: A method described by the first author for measuring the specific volume of a yarn by a bead-displacement technique has been adapted for measuring the volume of void space in a carpet pile, and so for obtaining an objective measurement of the texture of the pile.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described the images formed by light rellected from carpet surfaces accurately represent the carpet luster appearance and showed that people rate carpet lust mainly on the quantity and intensity of specular glitter points.
Abstract: Fabric luster is usually described visually (e.g. dull, bright, glittery, etc). Instrumental reflectance measurements have been applied to gauge luster, but these techniques only give overall reflectance values and do not adequately describe the luster. Image texture analysis, on the other hand, has been successfully applied to characterise luster. In the procedurc a fabric surface is photographed, the photonegative scanned on a digital microdensitometer, and the data processed in a computer. In the work described the images formed by light rellected from carpet surfaces accurately represent the carpet luster appearance. Quantitative and descriptive luster measurements show that people rate carpet luster mainly on the quantity and intensity of specular glitter points.
TL;DR: In this article, the efficiencies with which single fibers should capture aerosol particles when the fibers are placed in an electric field oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field were investigated.
Abstract: Calculations have been made of the efficiencies with which single fibers should capture aerosol particles when the fibers are placed in an electric field. A field oriented either parallel or perpen...
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of a polyacrylate emulsion, Primal K-3, onto wool fibers, promoted by a water soluble, cationic polymer, Hercosett 57, has been studied under various conditions of pH and temperature.
Abstract: The adsorption of a polyacrylate emulsion, Primal K-3, onto wool fibers, promoted by a water soluble, cationic polymer, Hercosett 57, has been studied under various conditions of pH and temperature. Adsorption was observed only under conditions where the latex coagulated, and then only when the latex particles and the fibers were not similarly charged. Depending on the pH of the system and the concentration of the cationic polymer, negatively-charged latex particles could be adsorbed onto positively-charged fibers and vice versa. Measurements of electrophoretic mobility indicated that the main function of the cationic polymer was to destabilize the emulsion by neutralizing the charge on the particles
TL;DR: In this article, a technique for the determination of stress-strain curves of keratin specimens in longitudinal and transverse compression is described, using a table-model Instron tester.
Abstract: A technique is described for the determination of stress-strain curves of keratin specimens in longitudinal and transverse compression. The testing procedure involves use of a table-model Instron t...
TL;DR: Chromic acid etching is shown to effectively remove successive layers of polypropylene filaments and render the interior morphology accessible to electron microscopic examination as discussed by the authors, which confirms the existence of similar structures in the textile filaments examined.
Abstract: Chromic acid etching is shown to effectively remove successive layers of polypropylene filaments and render the interior morphology accessible to electron microscopic examination. Using this technique a range of as spun, hot-drawn, and deformed filaments has been examined. Current theories of semicrystalline polymer morphology have usually been derived from observations on carefully prepared thin films or single crystals. The morphological detail exposed by etching confirms the existence of similar structures in the textile filaments examined. The factor limiting the efficiency of the etch process appears to be the ease of penetration of the etchant into the filament. When the structure is opened up by fibrillation or voiding, the rate of etching increases dramatically. Little difference is observed in etch rates for unvoided samples, between unaligned and highly-oriented structures.