Showing papers in "The Egyptian Journal of Chemistry in 2021"

Synthesis and Characterization of New Azo Dyes Based on Thiazole and Assess the Biological and Laser Efficacy for Them and Study their Dyeing Application

Abstract: The aim of this work describes the synthesis of disperse dyes in the derivative of 2-amino -4-hydroxy thiazole, which can be used as dyes for polyester fabrics with orange and red color They were obtained by preparing, (2-amino-4-hydroxy- thiazole), then the latter compound was diazotization and couplings to produced (compound III and IV), Which were introduced by another coupling with diazonium salt of compound I diazotization to synthesize disperse (VII,VIII). The synthesized heterocyclic and synthesized dyes were studied by UV Spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The substituted dyes Penetrate with good depth on polyester fabrics with a shade of orange and red colors, respectively. That increase heteroatoms and the conjugation in the dyes structure lead to high redshifts and the brightness of shades, color stability is high and fastness properties. The antibacterial activities were studied against different kinds of bacteria, namely Eschershia coli and Klebsiella Pneumonia Gram (-) ve, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Gram (+) ve. In addition, evaluation of laser efficacy was showed for the compounds (I,III,IV,VII,VIII) were radiated by laser for (10, 20, 30) seconds, It was observed that the prepared compounds were not affected and did not polymerize or degradation when measuring melting point and color.

Ionic Liquid as Water Soluble and Potential Inhibitor for Corrosion and Microbial Corrosion for Iron Artifacts

Abstract: The interactions between the metal and its environment are responsible for the electrochemical reactions leading to corrosion. To avoid further degradation and in general the appearance of corrosion products, a corrosion inhibitor must be applied on the metallic surface to reduce or prevent the corrosion of exposed metal in a corrosive environment. Corrosion inhibitors are one of the different methods used by conservation-restoration professionals to preserve metallic cultural heritage. The present case study is concerned with preserve and controls the corrosion of the iron entrance door/gate of the clock tower of Muhammad Ali mosque at Salah Ed-din Cairo citadel, Egypt, which was erected in 1845 AD, by using an environmentally friendly Corrosion inhibitor. This inhibitor is of attentiveness since there has been a growth in ecological consciousness and a variation in guidelines that control the toxicity of systematic corrosion inhibitors. So, the natural products are becoming the main source of environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors. Furthermost their extracts comprising the required features of the traditional corrosion inhibitors such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. These elements are contributed to the adsorption process on the metal surfaces and arrangement of a protective layer, which shields the metal surface against environmental corrosion. Progress of green chemical knowledge compromises a new artificial approach for ionic liquids. These compounds are well-thought-out as new safe corrosion inhibitors which act in different corrosive conditions. Finally, applications of vapor-phase inhibitors and their role of action are recommended in the protection of iron windows under study.

4-Methylumbelliferone And Its Derived Compounds: A Brief Review Of Their Cytotoxicity

Abstract: Many efforts have been directed toward the isolation of natural products, and using them to synthesize new chemical agents, and explore their cytotoxic attributes. However, finding new chemotherapeutic agents with towering potentials in the terms of high activity and target-selectivity, as well as minimal side effects is still out of hand. To satisfy that, medicinal chemists directed much of their research toward screening the cytotoxic activity of the isolated products and synthetic compounds. One of the most investigated bands of compounds is those belong to coumarin-family. Although most of these family members exhibited characteristic cytotoxic attributes, the compound termed 4-methylumbelliferone and chemically named 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin showed, with its derived compounds, an exceptional activity in cancer therapy. This effect included the ability of these compounds to counteract the mechanisms of the multidrug-tumor resistance, cover the side potentials of the currently used chemotherapeutic drugs, and boost the tumor sensitivity to phototherapy. In this report, we browsed the literature to report the recent advances for the application of 4-methylumbelliferone and its derived compounds as cytotoxic agents and identify the structural requirements for the maximum selectivity versus each cancer-phenotype. The outcomes of this report may help in the direction of research toward designing and synthesizing new 4-methylumbelliferone-derived products exhibiting the best selectivity and green-side potentials.

RANTES as a novel biomarker for atherogenic dyslipidemia and metabolic disturbances in patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract: RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and presumably Secreted) is a chemokine engaged in the pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 (T2DM), related cardiovascular complications, dyslipidemia and hypertension that are major modifiable risk factors of T2DM. VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) plays a role in diabetic vascular complications. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) is a lipid aberration defined as the incidence of raised triglycerides (TG) and dimished high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and associated with residual cardiovascular risk. However, the association between chemokine and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic disturbances is still unclear, and few data are available. The aim of this study was to estimate serum RANTES, serum lipid composition, VEGF, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with T2DM and elucidate their relationship in a sample of Egyptian premenopausal women. Serum level of RANTES, VEGF, lipids and body composition were assessed in 100 premenopausal women with T2DM (mean age 35 years old) and 100 healthy controls. Significant increase in serum RANTES level and VEGF was observed in T2DM compared to the control group. Positive correlations between elevated RANETS and increased values of VEGF, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass, LDL-C, TG, total cholesterol and presence of MS were observed in T2DM patients. Elevated RANTES concentration is associated with AD risk, abnormal metabolic components and VEGF levels. This study pinpoints the importance of RANTES as a novel biomarker for dyslipidemia and metabolic disturbance in T2DM patients.

Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase by natural bioactive compounds: Molecular docking analysis

Abstract: Currently, no approved treatment for COVID-19 exists However, phenolic compounds exhibit antiviral activity This study aimed to evaluate the activities of polyphenolic compounds (gallic acid, quercetin, caffeine, resveratrol, naringenin, benzoic acid, oleuropein, and ellagic acid) as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (PDB ID 6M71) inhibitors Molecular docking simulations of these polyphenols were performed using Autodock 4 0 and Chimera 1 8 1 Drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties were calculated using the SWISSADME prediction website Remdesivir and ribavirin were used for comparison The docking analysis results, ranked by the binding energy value (ΔG) of the tested ligands toward SARS-CoV-2 polymerase, were remdesivir > gallic acid > quercetin > caffeine > ribavirin > resveratrol > naringenin > benzoic acid > oleuropein > ellagic acid, with binding energies of −8 51, −7 55, −7 17, −6 10, −6 01, −5 79, −5 69, −5 54, −4 94, and −4 59 kcal/mol, respectively All tested polyphenols were predicted to form hydrogen bonds with one or two of the nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) entry channels at ARG 553, ARG 555, or LYS 545, except caffeine and oleuropein, which may influence the entry of substrate and divalent cations into the central active site cavity, thereby inhibiting enzyme activity It appears promising that gallic acid and quercetin exhibited higher binding affinity than ribavirin toward the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and expressed good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties Additionally, resveratrol, naringenin, and benzoic and ellagic acids exhibited some efficacy as potential polymerase inhibitors Further research is required to investigate the potential uses of these polyphenols in the treatment of COVID-19 © 2021 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC)

Antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds extract from Saussurea costus against food spoilage microorganisms

Abstract: Saussurea costus had a wide range of antimicrobial activities which used as alternative for synthetic preservatives that threaten human health. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds in S. costus extract (SCE) and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic microorganisms. HPLC and GC-MS were used to quantify the bioactive compounds in SCE. The results indicated that ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts had the highest levels of polyphenols followed by n-butanol, and then n-hexane extracts. The main phenolic compounds are Naringenin, Chlorogenic acid, Ferulic acid, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid and coffeic acid followed by taxifolin, catechin, syringic acid, methyl gallate, vanillin, kaempferol, cinnamic acid and rutin. GC-MS results showed 14 compounds in S. costus extract. The antibacterial activity of S. costus ethanol extract increased by increasing the concentration of extract from 10 µl to 50 µl for each wells .The inhibition zones were 13 mm and 23mm for S. typhi and Staphylococccus aureus, respectively. Gram (+ve) bacteria found to be more sensitive to SCE than Gram (-ve) bacteria. Similarly; the antifungal activity was increased by increasing the concentration of SCE the inhibition zones were 15.5 mm and 22.5 mm for P. verecossum and A. ochraceous, respectively. A. ochraceous appeared to be more sensitive towards all concentration of the extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SCE for both bacteria and fungi strains ranged from 0.08 - 0.3 mg/ml and 0.25 -1.17 mg/ml, respectively. The results revealed that the SCE can play an important role against the human multi-drug resistant pathogens and can alternate the antibiotics as well as chemical preservatives to control infection and food spoilage contaminants.

Cibacron red dye removal in aqueous solution using synthesized CuNiFe2O5 Nanocomposite: thermodynamic and kinetic studies

Abstract: Dyes pollution is a major problem in the water, especially since the main factor is textile factories. The treatments for this problem through nanomaterials have taken a broad scope and many studies. In this study, trinary Novel metals oxide [CuNiFe2O5] nanocomposite is successfully synthesized by Uv-irradiation presses with a maximum intensity wavelength at 365 nm. The nanocomposite was investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy measurements (SEM and TEM), and their crystal structure is obtained by the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The percentage of elements on the sample was determinate by an Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) and X-ray mapping. The energy gap is equal to 2.48 eV calculated by photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Incorporating CuNiFe2O5 NPs enhanced the uptake of Cibacron brilliant red dye (CBR). A faster CBR adsorption onto CuNiFe2O5 nanocomposite at a contact time of 90 min. The Freundlich (R2 > 0.9684) and pseudo-second-order (R2 > 0.9724) models were most appropriate in the description of the adsorption process. A thermodynamic study was performed to calculate the ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS parameters of 1.415 kJ/mol, 7.63 J/mol K, and 20.8 J/mol. Finally, The novel synthesized nanocomposite is a good adsorbate surface for Cibacron brilliant red dye.

Synthesis And Antitumor Potential Of New 7-Halocoumarin-4-Acetic Acid Derivatives

Abstract: Compounds having their chemical structure based on coumarin framework have enticed much research concern not only because of the variance structural characteristic but also the pluralism of the bioactivities. In this report, four derivatives of 7-halo-4-coumarinylacetic acid referred to as RY1-RY4 were synthesized, and their chemical backbones were confirmed via the employed spectrophotometers. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the synthesized halocoumarins were inspected in silico using a free online software named the pre-ADMET program. The potential of the synthesized halocoumarins as antitumor applicants was evaluated utilizing 5-fluorouracil as a reference drug and the well-authenticated protocol based on the MTT as a visible indicator against eight standard tumor-cell lines. The outcomes acquired from this assessment indicated that the synthesized halocoumarins, except RY1, have less impact as antitumor agents comparing with the standard drug. Also, the halocoumarins revealed roughly the same fashion of activity versus the test cell lines with the greatest inhibitory influence reported against MCF-7 and HeLa. From the calculated pharmacokinetic data and outcomes exhibited from antitumor assessment, the authors concluded that the synthesized halocoumarins, particularly RY1, offered potential applicants as antitumor agents with broad-ranged activity. Besides, the compounds RY1 and RY2 may provide highly valuable scaffolds for synthesizing agents with a powerful antitumor activity versus the breast and cervical cancer phenotypes.

Review on Using Powder Metallurgy Method for Production of Metal-Based Nanocomposites

Abstract: Due to the constant need for metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs), which are used in industrial applications such as automotive, aerospace, and many others, and therefore many researchers, are interested in making them nanocomposites with better performance, studies are continuing to improve their properties. In contrast to other versatile conventional production methods, powder metallurgy (PM) method is highly effective in eliminating porosity, wetting and casting defects. In this review, an in-depth discussion of the different MMNCs fabricated by the PM method with an explanation of the different stages of preparation of these nanocomposites such as powder production, pressing and sintering was discussed. Also, the different factors affecting milling and sintering processes were reviewed. Finally, the advantages, disadvantages, and more common applications of PM in the preparation of these nanocomposites mentioned above were discussed in some detail.

Synthesis, Characterization, And Anticoagulant Activity Of New Functionalized Biscoumarins

Abstract: Despite their rarity and structural complexity, natural and synthetic biscoumarins have polarized much attention from investigators particularly due to their characteristic activity as anticoagulant agents. In this work, a panel of twelve functionalized biscoumarins was synthesized in two schematic steps; the first one started by condensing various phenol-based derivatives with malonic acid via a Pechmann-type reaction yielding alkyl-substituted 4-hydroxycoumarins herein symbolized as (E1-E12). The latter compounds were undergone a self-coupling under the influence of methylene iodide to afford the target functionalized biscoumarins, which were symbolized as (EY1-EY12). The potential of the synthesized biscoumarins as anticoagulant applicants was investigated in vivo using rabbit as an animal model. The employed assay was the prothrombin time that was monitored after three and five days of the last oral treatment. The results gathered from this test revealed that the synthesized biscoumarins have a promising anticoagulant activity compared with warfarin as a standard anticoagulant drug, with privileged influence contributed to those substituted at position 7 of the coumarin framework. The authors concluded that the substitution of an alkyl group at that position of the coumarin monomer may intensify the anticoagulant activity of the prepared biscoumarins. Also, this intensity was directly proportionated to the increase in the molecular weight of this alkyl group. Accordingly, the synthesized biscoumarins possessing this property would provide an efficient base for synthesizing new compounds, which have a promising anticoagulant effect.

Production of Biofuels (H2&CH4) from Food Leftovers via Dual-Stage Anaerobic Digestion: Enhancement of Bioenergy Production and Determination of Metabolic Fingerprinting of Microbial Communities

Abstract: Proper management of food waste has become a major cause of concern over the past few years in both developed and developing countries. This work aimed to properly treat food leftovers through 2-stage anaerobic fermentation at mesophilic temperature for biofuel production (H2 and CH4) and correlate this with the metabolic fingerprints of the most dominant bacterial strains in the two biofermenters. The diversity of bacterial communities in the surface, middle and bottom levels of the hydrogen fermenter as well as in the methane fermenter was examined. Moreover, the phenotypic identification and metabolic fingerprints for the bacterial strains was carried out using Biolog GEN III. The dominant bacterial strain responsible for hydrogen production was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. While, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila was the most dominant in the methane fermenter. The total energy production was improved by 22.2% in case of increasing HRT for the first fermenter from 17h to 34h.

Thermodynamic and adsorption studies on the corrosion inhibition of Zn by 2, 2'-Dithiobis(2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole) in HCl solutions

Abstract: The thermodynamics parameters and adsorption mechanism of the 2,2'-dithiobis(2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole), DDBT, as a corrosion retarder for Zn in 0.5 M HCl solution were studied by different techniques. Potentiodynamic polarization, thermometric and Gravimetric techinques, as well as, SEM surface investigations were employed. The data of different techniques were compatible and confirmed the inhibition effect of DDBT. The potentiodynamic polarization data disclosed that the DTDBT molecules behave as a mixed-kind inhibitor. The different thermodynamic parameters about the corrosion and adsorption processes were deduced to suggest the inhibition mechanism. The DDBT molecules are adsorbed on the C-steel surface confirming the Langmuir isotherm obeying a mixed mechanism (physical and chemisorption).

Potentiometric Determination of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Drug by Fabrication of Liquid Membrane Electrodes

Abstract: This paper presents a study in the electrochemical methods for the preparation three new electrodes of Fexofenadine hydrochloride in a polymeric membrane. The first electrode was prepared from ion pair: molybdophosphoric acid reagent and fexofenadine cation with Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBPH), the subsequent electrode was prepared with O-Nitro phenyl octyl ether( NPOE) and the third electrode was set up by Tri-n-butyl phthalate (TBP), respectively as a plasticizers for determination of Fexofenadine hydrochloride drug. Two electrodes indicated a Nernstian response with a slope of [57.01, 56.70] mV.decade−1 for the first and second electrodes individually, with detection limits 5.6×10-6 mole.L-1 for first electrode and 3.5×10-6 mole.L-1 for second electrode and the third electrode was gave a non Nernstain response equivalent to 14.30 mV.decade−1. The electrodes work adequately over pH range (2.0-4.5),(2.5-4.0) and (2.0- 4.0) for Fexofenadine hydrochloride electrodes. The impact of interfering species was insignificant as demonstrated by selectivity coefficient values. The viability of the electrodes proceeded in a timeframe (41,36,and 13) days. The recommended electrodes were successfully used for the determination of Fexofenadine hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceuticals preparations. This work arrived at excellent outcomes as far as the linearity, exactness, selectivity, and accuracy of the methods.

Therapeutic Potentials of Cyclic Peptides as Promising Anticancer Drugs

Abstract: This review focuses on studying the pharmacological effect of cyclic peptides as anti-cancer drugs. There are many examples which are already used to treat cancer, either directly or in the treatment of episodes associated with cancer tumors. Goserelin acetate; is an anti-cancer drug, trade name Zoladex, is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone superagonist. Leuprolide acetate; is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone or luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone analog used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate cancer or breast cancer. Somatostatin, (SST), is a peptide hormone; the peptide hormone somatostatin regulates the endocrine system, affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones. Octreotide: is a somatostatin mimic, trade name sandostatin, Octreotide is also a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone. On the other hand there are many natural bioactive peptides: derived from different foods represent another source of health-enhancing or cancer fighting compounds. Different studies indicate that it is possible that many of these peptides may be released during digestion in the human stomach or during food processing from various plant and animal proteins, especially milk, soy, and fish proteins, for examples Depsipeptides and Argyrins.

Current situation and future prospects for plastic waste in Maysan governorate: Effects and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract: Perils‏ ‏of plastic waste (PW) from polymers (ex: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density ‎polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride ‎‎(PVC), nylon, polystyrene (PS), etc.) ‎, the mechanism of its spread in ‎general and all of these types that are included ‎in our daily life system as a product expelled ‎continuously and/or frequently are 21st century crisis as reported from United Nations in 2019, and especially after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. PW is a very serious issue that has negative and harmful effects on the ecosystem, beside; health and the ‎economy through direct proportionality with the rate of increase in the state population, moreover, weak ‎environmental awareness and Energy International Administration (EIA) towards this dangerous issue. ‎ The aim of the current survey study is to shed light on the importance of plastics in our daily life needs for food packaging, single-use personal protective equipment's, laboratory tests, etc... PW problems by knowing the chemical composition, components, uses, and harms, as well as knowing the possibility of benefiting from these wastes within the solid waste management system (MSW / Municipal). By providing some suggestions that helps reduce the harm of this waste either recycling or disposal. This study will also include approximate theoretical equations to calculate the percentage of PW in particular at Maysan governorate, Iraq; because we haven't any physical mechanism at the operational level that deals with waste sorting, especially PW; as these statistics generally depend on the official information published by the competent authority about the total amount of waste presented at the governorate level.‎

High‑Performance Liquid Chromatography‑Fingerprint Analyses, In vitro Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Extracts of Ceiba speciosa Growing in Egypt

Abstract: ackground: Cancer diseases and microbial resistance are serious health diseases related to oxidative stress and infectious diseases. The risk can be reduced by using plants rich in polyphenols. Methodology: Different solvent extracts from leaves of Ceiba speciosa (C.s) were evaluated for their biological and chemical activities. Also, the chemical profiles were investigated via high‑performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analyses. Results: the leaves from Ceiba speciosa collected from the Zoo garden in Egypt, showed a moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2 in extracts; petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, while weak-cytotoxicity in butanol, methanol extracts and non-cytotoxicity in water extract. Moreover, high antimicrobial activities were showed within dichloromethane, petroleum ether extracts, while a moderate antimicrobial activities were showed in methanol, ethyl acetate extracts, and low antimicrobial activities were showed in both of butanol and water extracts. On the other side, a strong antioxidant activities were recorded within extracts; dichloromethane and methanol while the least antioxidant activity was recorded within water extract. High performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analyses is done for all fractions, this finding provides an insight into the usage of the tested species as a source of naturally occurring cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents

Determination of 3-MCPD in Some Edible Oils using GC-MS/MS

Abstract: The presence of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) in edible oils has been widely reported with its potential health risks. The aim of this study was to apply optimized recent updated and validated enhanced swift analytical indirect method for determining 3-MCPD in consumed edible oils (palm, palm olein, extra virgin olive, corn, sunflower, soybean, olive pomace) and blend of 5% sunflower oil with extra virgin olive oil, using selective and sensitive gas chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) employing deuterated 3-MCPD (3-MCPD-d5) as internal standard (IS) during the entire analytical procedure to obtain precise and accurate results. The occurrence and variation of 3-MCPD contents among the studied oils were found in different levels ranged from 93.1 µg/kg to 5634.1 µg/kg oil samples, with maximum value assigned for palm oil (5634.1 µg/kg) followed by palm olein (5576.8 µg/kg), corn oil (2447 µg/kg), sunflower oil (1817.3 µg/kg), soybean oil (1486.1 µg/kg), olive pomace oil (572.5 µg/kg), blend of 5% sunflower oil with extra virgin olive oil (210 µg/kg) and extra virgin olive oil (93.1 µg/kg). Palm, palm olein, corn, sunflower and soybean oils were found out of the limits recommended by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/1322, whereas, extra virgin olive oil, olive pomace oil and blend of 5% sunflower oil with extra virgin olive oil were in compliance and within the limits recommended by EU. Moreover, 3-MCPD content could be used as a good tool for authenticity and quality of genuine extra virgin olive oil.

Polymerization shrinkage in contemporary resin-based dental composites: A Review Article

Abstract: Polymerization shrinkage of the resin-based dental composite restorations has crucial implications on the clinical performance and durability of the resin composite restoration. Polymerization shrinkage is an inherent property of the photo-cured methacrylate composite Thus, contemporary resin-based dental composites try to achieve novel chemistry in a commercial resin composite to limit the polymerization shrinkage to minimum by alteration of resin part and addition of inorganic fillers.

Optimized Synthesis of Biopolymer-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity

Abstract: Owing to their unique properties, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have a broad range of exciting applications. However, the problem of nanoparticles aggregation remains challenging. So, biopolymers of polysaccharides can provide green and promising stabilizers as alternatives to the current toxic chemical stabilizers during ZnO NPs synthesis. The main idea in this investigation is to tune ZnO NPs with an appropriate texture, shape, and size for antibacterial application. So, this work compares the use of three different eco-friendly stabilizers namely starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxyethyl cellulose as alternatives capping agents in the fabrication of ZnO NPs at various times. The optimized ZnO NPs sample was obtained using starch as the optimum stabilizer at reaction conditions of 0.5 h, room temperature (25 °C), 1:2) MZn:MNaOH) ratio and 1% (w/v) starch concentration. The optical, texture, and structural properties of prepared ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–Vis, DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, and TEM techniques. ZnO NPs showed a mean zeta potential of −21.6 mV, explaining that they are moderately stable. The analysis by TEM confirmed that the NPs were spherical and have an average size of 23 nm. The antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli) bacteria were evaluated based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI) values expressed in mm. The results showed promising performances for their antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria which indicated a strong antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs against B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, and E. cloacae with ZOI values of 17, 14 and 16 mm, respectively, and it showed moderate activity against E. coli (ZOI = 10 mm). The synthesis of biopolymer stabilized ZnO NPs by this approach could be eco-friendly and cost-effective and synthesized ZnO NPs can serve as promising antibacterial agents.

Chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles in its solid state: highly efficient antimicrobial cotton fabrics for wound healing properties

Abstract: During the last decade, nanoparticles could be considered as important platforms to treat skin wounds. Metal nanoparticles especially silver have shown potential therapeutic effects on wound healing. In this work, solid state synthesis was used for the preparation of AgNPs without using an extra chemicals or solvents. AgNPs was easily synthesized using dextran as a reducant and stabilizing agent by eco-grinding artlessly for dextran powder, sodium hydroxide beads and silver nitrate with no considerable times. The efficiency of dextran as dual role for the synthesis of AgNPs was evaluated via changing the utilized concentration of silver nitrate. The formed silver nanoparticles were characterized by ultra-violet spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-Ray Diffraction, field emission scanning-electron-energy dispersive X-ray tools. The resultant AgNPs with different concentration were applied to cotton fabrics. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities of the treated fabrics was evaluated. The results revealed that the spherical shape with well distribution of prepared AgNPs was affirmed. In addition, the stability of AgNPs was achieved and acquired values more than -30 mv. The results also depicted that the nanoparticles were successfully deposited onto and penetrated inside the surface of fabrics. The treated cotton fabrics exhibit superior antimicrobial properties that determined by disc diffusion method to kill the pathogenic microbes. Additionally, the cell viability (%) of the treated cotton fabrics has no toxicity effect for the human and non-human cell lines. Based on that, the synthesis of AgNPs is based on solvent-free and one pot synthesis of silver nanoparticles which is eco-friendly, low cost, save effort and chemicals, also gives a high yield.

Treatment of Anaemia and Malnutrition by Shamy Bread Fortified with Spirulina, Quinoa and Chickpea flour

Abstract: The present investigation was conducted to promote the nutritional value of Shamy bread by supplementation of wheat flour (WF) with 20% of quinoa flour (QF) or 20% chickpea flour (CF), 0.7% spirulina powder (SP) and other mixture samples (15% CF + 5% QF + 0.70% SP). According to the obtained results, SP recorded the highest value of protein, fat, ash, magnesium, zinc, and iron, which reflected on the produced Shamy bread as final product. Also, QF recorded a higher value of protein, ash, crude fiber, zinc, and iron compared to WF. The results indicated that according to statistical analysis there are evident discrepancies for all treatments concerning protein, ash, and total carbohydrates compared to the control bread sample (100% WF). The replacement of WF by 20% QF led to a decrease in the dough stability while replacement of WF by 20% CF led to highly increase the stability of dough and recorded the highest values of alkaline water retention capacity during all storage periods consequently the same sample recorded the highest value of overall acceptability. Thus, the mixture sample recorded the highest value of protein content with the lowest value total carbohydrate for the produced beard. Keywords: wheat flour, quinoa flour, spirulina, chickpea flour, anemia, malnutrition.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Aspergillus terreus AH1 Isolated from Ipomoea carnea Growing in Egypt

Abstract: Growing evidence indicates that the endophytic fungus Aspergillus is one of rich sources of natural products with a broad spectrum of biological activities. In our effort to isolate and to identify biologically active metabolites from naturally occurring sources, two endophytic fungi have been isolated from the tissues of Ipomoea carnea. Among the two isolates, one fungus displayed pronounced antimicrobial activity, against pathogenic microbes include Gram+ve bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Gram–ve bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and Yeasts; Candida albicans with inhibition zone range from 16-19 mm. The most potent isolate has been identified genetically by sequencing of 18S rRNA gene as Aspergillus terreus AH1. Bio guided-fractionation and isolation of Aspergillus terreus AH1 extract led to identification of five compounds namely; (+)-asterrelenin (1), (±)-periplanamide B (2), butyrolactone I (3), pyranterrone D (4), and Arenarin A (5). The identified compounds showed a strong antibiofilm activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, the compound ((±)-periplanamide B) has strong activity against some carcinoma cells such as HCT116, HePG 2 and MCF7

Green Recycling of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste as Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel in Marine Environment

Abstract: Green recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastic waste, in this respect, PET waste was subjected to de polymerization process with tri methylene glycol (1,3-propandiol) in the presence of manganese acetate (1.0 % w/w to the total Wight of the reactants) as trans esterification catalyst, the product is Bis-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-terephthalate, BHPT, as a non-ionic surfactant was separated and characterized by FT-IR and 1HNMR and evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel alloy in artificial marine environment using chemical and electrochemical techniques. Effect of inhibitor concentrations and reaction temperature were studied. The chemical techniques used in this work are gravimetric, thermometric and atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS), whereas the electrochemical techniques are open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization. The corrosion inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentrations and decreased by rising temperature. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency 96.5% was afforded using 300 ppm of the used inhibitor derived from plastic waste. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicate that the used system act as mixed inhibitor. The data of AAS show that the iron(iii) ions Fe+3 concentrations were decreased by increasing inhibitor concentration. All the used techniques are in good agreement to each other (±2 %) and shows that the used drug acts as green corrosion inhibitors for steel in marine environment.

Chemical Vapour Deposition of CdS Thin Films at Low Temperatures from Cadmium Ethyl Xanthate

Abstract: Thin films of nanometer sized cadmium sulfide were directly prepared by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AA-CVD) method, cadmium ethyl xanthate complex was used as precursor material at 225 oC, 250 oC and 275 oC. The thermal decomposition of complex was characterized by thermal analysis, (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). The prepared CdS thin films have been characterized by XRD and SEM- EDX analysis. TGA curves ensured that the rapid decomposition of [Cd(S2COEt)2] gives a CdS in single step between 150 oC and 200 oC. XRD patterns confirmed that the CdS particles crystalized as a hexagonal crystallographic phase at low temperatures. The grain size of particles increased with increasing the preparation temperatures from 225 oC to 275 oC,. The spherical CdS nanoparticals were observed in SEM analysis.

Nano-Bioremediation of Municipal Wastewater Using Myco-Synthesized Iron Nanoparticles

Abstract: Metal nanostructures have potential effective impacts with many arenas like catalysis, sensors, optics, electronics, functional materials, environment and medicine. Thus, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) were mycogenic synthesized in this study as effective antimicrobial agent and heavy metals removers. The isolation of 37 fungi were done from contaminated 10 soil (with iron ions or metals) samples and they screened. The most powerful fungal isolate was Fusarium oxysporum. Biosynthesized FeNPs size were 0.7 to 3 nm (high small size) with spherical shape based on TEM analysis. However, XRD, FT-IR analyses confirmed that characterization and led to form iron at zero valent. The obtained FeNPs were used as antibacterial agent against broad spectrum of environmental pathogens with minimum amounts (about 20 µg/ml) compared with reference antibiotics. This drive for using it to control microbial pathogens through municipal wastewater. For its high adsorption activity, it is used for removing heavy metals from their contaminated wastewater.

A Review on The Chemistry of Nicotinonitriles and Their applications

Abstract: Several studies on nicotinonitrile and their derivatives because of their wide range of therapeutic activities have been reported. Many drugs containing nicotinonitrile derivatives are available in market such as Bosutinib, Milrinone, Neratinib, and Olprinone. This review article highlights the recently synthesized nicotinonitrile possessing important biological, therapeutic, and medicinal properties.

Bioguided Isolation and in-Silico Analysis of Hep-G2 Cytotoxic Constituents From Laurus nobilis Linn. Cultivated In Egypt

Abstract: The air dried leaves of Laurus nobilis cultivated in Egypt were extracted by petroleum ether followed by methylene chloride then ethyl acetate and finally methanol. The preliminary cytotoxic screening of these extracts against Hep-G2 using vinblastine sulfate (IC50= 2.93 μg/ml) as standard showed that petroleum ether, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited strong cytotoxic activity (IC50= 10.6, 5.96 and 3.80 μg/ml, respectively) while the methanolic extract showed moderate activity (IC50= 23.2 μg/ml). Bio-guided chromatographic isolation of L. nobilis extracts resulted in isolation of seven compounds identified as 1-tricosanol (1), reynosin (2), protocatechuic acid (3), vincetoxicoside B (4) and vitexin (5). chemical structures have been established on the basis of physical, chemical and spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HSQC) in addition to comparison with literature data and /or authentic samples. Reynosin (2) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2 (IC50= 4.98 μg/ml) among other isolated compounds, while vitexin (5) showed the lowest activity (IC50= 219 μg/ml). Other compounds showed moderate to weak activity. The isolated compounds were docked to caspase3 to reveal their possible cytotoxic mechanism of action on the enzymatic level. Protein fraction obtained after 0.5 hr hydrolysis with papain showed moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50= 200 μg/ml) and that obtained after 3.5 hr hydrolysis exhibited strong antioxidant action (45 % inhibition at a concentration of 200 μg/ml using DPPH assay).

Production enhancement of bacterial cellulose nanofiber using local Komagataeibacter xylinus SB3.1 under static conditions

Abstract: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a nanostructured material mainly produced by Gluconacetobacter. The excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties of BC have made it become regarded as a kind of highly functional biopolymer in the application fields of bio-medicine, cosmetics and food industry. However, application of bacterial cellulose faced one of the main big problems in industry, viz., low productivity. Herein, this work was undertaken with a view to enhance the BC production using Komagataeibacter xylinus SB3.1 under static condition through study the effective culture parameters that played a vital role in nanofiber production. Various parameters were investigated including, carbon and nitrogen sources, inoculum size, pH, temperature, and incubation time. Chemical and physical characterizations were investigated using state-of-art tools e.g. FTIR, XRD and SEM. Results revealed the successful production of BC nanofibers through using Komagataeibacter xylinus SB3.1 under static condition as obviously indicated from SEM image. FTIR and XRD affirmed both chemical structure and crystallographic nature of cellulose I of the produced nanofibers. In the seek of improvement, the maximum yield production of BC reached 6.54 g/l at optimum conditions including the use of mannitol and yeast extract as a sole carbon and nitrogen source during incubation period for 8 days at 30 ◦C with 8% inoculum size. These findings emphasize the potential use of a new locally isolated Komagataeibacter xylinus SB3. in production of BC nanofibers as cellulose type I with enhanced crystallinity index up to 82% occurred at optimum conditions which reveals to the increase in the fiber production 3.3 folded times than others with unoptimized condition under the same stationary conditions of growth. This also opens up the window for utilizing the domestic isolated Acetobacter bacteria in industrial manufacturing with potential features.

Lycopene nanoparticles ameliorate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer potencies of tomato pomace.

Abstract: Nanoparticles are the basic essential element of nanotechnology and it exhibits characteristic features based on their properties such as size, morphology and other size dependent properties. Their applications on agriculture, food and medicine are widely used nowadays. Agro-waste materials cause a global environmental problem worldwide. Maximizing the benefits of such waste material is a very important issue. The present investigation aimed to use nano-formulation techniques by using polyethylene glycol 8000 to produce nano-lycopene extracted from tomato waste (pomace) as well as evaluation the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of produced lycopene-NPs. The results of antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays revealed that nano-formulation of Lycopene increases the scavenging activity compared with lycopene. Also, both lycopene and lycopene-NPs showed antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria and antifungal activity against tested fungal species. MIC for lycopene and lycopene-NPs was determined. DNA damage induced by oxidative stress protection analysis indicated that lycopene-NPs has a great potential in DNA damage prevention compared to their respective controls. The MTT assay exhibited cytotoxic activity against three cancerous cell lines, MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2. As well as lycopene-NPs biosafety was tested against normal cell lines (BJ-1 and MCF-12F) compared to lycopene.

The Influence of Various Zirconia Contents on Crystallite Sizes, Shrinkage, and Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanobiocomposites

Abstract: Carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA)-based nanocomposite powders with different zirconia (ZrO2) contents, up to 8 wt.%, were prepared using high-energy ball mill. Phase composition of the resultant nanocomposites was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Moreover, the crystal size, lattice strain and dislocation density were calculated. In order to measure shrinkage, physical and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites, their powders have been consolidated and sintered at 1000 °C. The results revealed that the gradual increase in ZrO2 contents caused increase in the lattice strain and dislocation density. On the opposite side, their crystal sizes decreased with increasing ZrO2 content. Moreover, the mechanical properties including microhardness, compressive strength, Young's modulus, elastic modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio of the sintered nanocomposites were greatly improved with increased ZrO2 contents until they reached 7 GPa, 165 MPa, 57 GPa, 70 GPa, 47.5 GPa, 22 GPa and 0.267, respectively for the sample containing the highest ZrO2 content. However, in spite of the great importance of ZrO2 contents on the mechanical properties, they caused noticeable increases in the porosity of the sintered samples. Additionally, increasing of ZrO2 contents, up to 8 wt.%, reduced the shrinkage percentages from 12.3% to 9.5%.