Showing papers in "Turkish Journal of Botany in 2009"

Check-list of Additional Taxa to the Supplement Flora of Turkey IV

Abstract: The fourth check-list of the series entitled 'Additional taxa to the Flora of Turkey' comprises a total of 175 taxa based on data given in 162 papers published up until the end of 2007. It provides details of taxa not recorded in the 11 volumes of the Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands nor in the there previously published supplementary check-lists.

The effects of brassinosteroid on the induction of biochemical changes in Lycopersicon esculentum under drought stress.

Abstract: Drought stress is considered a restricting factor for plant products; therefore many compounds were applied to minimise the harmful effects of stress. One type of these compounds that have antioxidative characteristics is brassinosteroids. In this experiment, when 4 fully expanded leaves of tomato plants appeared, 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) was sprayed onto the leaves at 0.01 and 1 μM concentrations for 3 days with a 1-day interval. Three levels of drought stress (0, 3, and 5 days withholding water) were applied. Thereafter, the effects of brassinosteroids and water stress were investigated on some biochemical and antioxidative parameters of tomato plants. Lipid peroxidation, peroxide hydrogen, and proline content increased in plants subjected to drought stress. Reduction in protein content in drought conditions showed that drought stress affected protein synthesis and degradation. Decline in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD and APX) and increases in the SOD, GR, and CAT activities were observed in drought stressed plants. Reduction in peroxidation of lipids and H2O2 content in the plants treated with both 24-EBL and drought stress was observed. Based on our results it seems that brassinosteroids considerably alleviated oxidative damage that occurred under drought stress. Increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, CAT, APX, GR, and SOD) and change in isoenzymes pattern with higher intensity as well as increases in proline and protein content in drought stressed plants treated with BR will probably show the role of brassinosteroids in increased tolerance of plants to water stress. Therefore, 24-epibrassinolide may have a role in the mitigation of damage caused by water stress.

Pollen and Seed Morphology of the Genus Hesperis L. (Brassicaceae) in Turkey

Abstract: Pollen and seed morphology were examined in 35 specimens representing 25 Turkish species of the taxonomically complex genus Hesperis L. by light and scanning electron microscopes. Three main types and 2 subtypes were recognized based on the seed coat surface, pollen shape, and exine sculpturing. The seed coat ornamentation of Type I was ocellate, and pollen shape was oblate- spheroidal. While Type II was represented by reticulate seed coat and prolate-spheroidal pollen shape, Type III had tuberculate seed coat. This study revealed that both palynological and seed morphological characters are of significant importance in the taxonomy of the genus.

Callus induction, biomass growth, and plant regeneration in Digitalis lanata Ehrh.: influence of plant growth regulators and carbohydrates

Abstract: The effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and carbohydrate sources on callus induction, callus growth, and plant regeneration in foxglove was examined. Explants were transferred onto MS medium with various levels of PGRs and carbohydrates to determine the optimum explant and effective combinations of PGR treatment. For callus induction 6.0 mg L -1 of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 3.0 mg L -1 of benzyl-aminopurine (BA) were very responsive. Addition of cytokinins (BA and kinetin) at 0.5-3.0 mg L -1 to media containing NAA enhanced callus growth. Shoot regeneration was best achieved in MS + 6.0 mg L -1 of BA. Adenine sulphate (Ade) and casein hydrolysate (Ch) were added to the medium as a nitrogen source to improve plant growth and maximum growth was obtained on medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L -1 of kinetin + 0.5 mg L -1 of IAA + 500 mg L -1 of Ch. Carbohydrates also influenced callus production and shoot regeneration potentiality. Among all the tested carbohydrates (sucrose, maltose, fructose, and glucose) and concentrations (3.0-6.0 g L -1 ), the optimum carbohydrate concentration was 3.0 g L -1 and was applied to all carbohydrate cases.

Pollen morphology of Astragalus L. sect. Onobrychoidei DC. (Fabaceae) in Turkey.

Abstract: The pollen morphology of 45 specimens of 29 species of the genus Astragalus L. of the section Onobrychoidei DC. distributed in Turkey was studied with light and electron microscopies. The pollen is generally 3-colporate. Pollen of the section is prolate, subprolate, and prolate-spheroidal. Size varies, with the polar axis ranging from 23.4 to 42.6 µm and the equatorial axis from 14.3 to 36.4 µm. The outline is elliptic or compressed oval in the meridional section, versus trilobulate and sometimes tetralobulate in the polar optical section. Sculpturing is usually microreticulate, rarely reticulate or rugulate in the meridional optical section, and psilate and perforate (with irregular or circular perforations) in the polar optical section.

The role of polyethylene glycol (PEG) pretreatment in improving sugarcane’s salt (NaCl) tolerance

Abstract: An important aspect of salt tolerance studies in different plants is the relationship between salt and water stress. In the present study calluses (60 days old) of 2 sugarcane cultivars (cv. SPF 234 and cv. HSF 240) were treated with 4 different salt concentrations, including a control (0 mM NaCl), after 1% polyethylene glycol (PEG) pretreatment for 5 days. Fresh weight, callus browning, and necrosis data were recorded at day 120. Biochemical parameters (soluble protein contents, and peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity) were also analysed. Regardless of PEG pretreatment, calluses subjected to salt stress had less fresh weight than the control; however, less necrosis was observed in PEG-pretreated callus cultures than in non-pretreated cultures subjected to the same salt concentration. PEG pretreatment enhanced the biosynthesis of soluble protein contents. Likewise, a general increase was observed in antioxidant enzyme activity in the PEG-pretreated callus cultures, as compared to the non-pretreated controls exposed to the same salt concentration. PEG pretreatment also increased the regeneration potential of the callus cultures of both sugarcane cultivars after NaCl treatment. These results suggest that PEG pretreatment could improve salt tolerance in these 2 sugarcane cultivars.

Karyomorphological Study of Eight Centaurea L. Taxa (Asteraceae) from Turkey

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A New Record for the Flora of Turkey: Salvia viscosa Jacq. (Labiatae)

Abstract: Salvia viscosa Jacq. is reported for the first time from Turkey. This new record is confined to Yayladag in Hatay province. The diagnostic morphological characters from S. virgata Jacq. are discussed. A distribution map of this new record is also given.

Floral Biology of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.: A Critically Endangered Alpine Medicinal Plant of Himalaya, India

Abstract: Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. is a critically endangered wild medicinal herb of alpine Himalaya and cultivation is recommended owing to its large demand in the herbal market and to ensure the conservation of wild habitats. Therefore, observations on floral biology, pollen germination, pollination, and fruit and seed setting after implying different breeding systems were carried out for its successful domestication and improvement in cultivation practices. The study reveals that the plants grown in hothouse conditions showed considerable variation in the production of flowers and seeds. Flowering occurs from the second week of September to late October, with 20 days of peak flowering. Anthers dehisced longitudinally between 7:30 and 11:00 AM, strongly dependent on higher temperature. The pollen grains per anther varied between 2000 and 6000, which means an average of 80,000 pollen grains per flower. Nectar production begins at anther dehiscence and coincides with maximum stigmatic receptivity. Bees were observed as pollinators. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation were maximum in 5% sucrose. Controlled pollination revealed that this species is self-incompatible, although few fruits developed from selfing. Such fruits were smaller than the fruits produced by open pollinated and from hand-crossed flowers and most aborted early in development.

Congruence of RAPD and ISSR markers for evaluation of genomic relationship among 28 populations of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle from Himachal Pradesh, India.

Abstract: Twenty eight populations of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle were selected to study genetic relationship using RAPD and ISSR markers from north-western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh, India. Nineteen RAPD primers and 11 ISSR primers amplified a total of 131 and 68 scorable bands, of which 92.37% and 83.82%, respectively, were polymorphic. The mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.6933 and 0.6296, indicating that Nei´s gene diversity of 33.77% and 29.44% reside in all the populations. Estimated value of gene flow for RAPD (Nm = 0.11059), for ISSR (Nm = 0.1470) individually, and the combination of RAPD+ISSR (Nm = 0.1211) markers indicated that there was limited gene flow among the populations. The dendrogram obtained from UPGMA analysis revealed grouping of populations with respect to their forest division, except with Kullu forest division. The existence variation among 28 populations based on percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was proved to be coupled with geographical altitude (r = 0.474). The genetic similarity matrices generated by ISSR and RAPD markers were highly correlated (r = 0.721 at P = 0.001), showed similar estimation between the 2 systems. Both markers were equally useful in providing some understanding about the genetic relationship of different populations in Podophyllum L.

A New Record for the Flora of Turkey: Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. (Cirsium Sect. Cirsium, Asteraceae, Cynareae)

Abstract: Cirsium candelabrum Griseb. is reported for the first time from Thrace (Turkey). A description, including 2 photographs of the plant, and a map of its distribution in Turkey are presented.

A New Record for the Flora of Turkey: Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. (Labiatae)

Abstract: Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. is reported for the first time from Turkey. This new record is confined to Cinar in Diyarbakir. The diagnostic morphological characters of S. spinosa L. are discussed. Notes are presented on its ecology and phenology. A distribution map of this new record is also given.

Macrofungi of Huzurlu high plateau (Gaziantep-Turkey)

Abstract: Macrofungi samples were collected from Huzurlu high plateau and its surroundings between 2002 and 2005. As a result of macroscopic and microscopic investigations 105 taxa belonging to 67 genera and 33 families were recorded in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes classes. Six of them, Phaeohelotium umbilicatum (Le Gal) Dennis, Lepiota jacobi Vellinga & Knudsen, Leucoagaricus erioderma (Malencon) Bon, Leucoagaricus serenus (Fr.) Bon & Boiffard, Cortinarius turgidus Fr., and Cotylidia diaphana (Schwein.) Lentz, are new records for the macromycota of Turkey.

Pollen morphology of some Gypsophila L. (Caryophyllaceae) species and its taxonomic value

Abstract: Pollen morphology of 12 taxa (6 of them endemic) that belong to the genus Gypsophila L. were investigated using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Differences in pollen morphology between these taxa were determined based on palynological studies. Pollen grains are spheroidal and polyporate. The exine structure is tectate, but that of G. sphaerocephala var. sphaerocephala is intectate. The exine sculpture is granulate-microechinate-microperforate, but that of G. sphaerocephala var. sphaerocephala displays clavate-microechinate ornamentation. The operculum exists in the form of scattered pieces in G. curvifolia, while it exists as a whole in the other taxa. G. perfoliata var. perfoliata has the largest pollen grain diameter, whereas G. tubulosa has the smallest. The exine consists of 2 parts; the upper part is the thick ectexine and the lower part is the thin endexine. The endexine is thin and continuous.

Nickel Hyperaccumulation in Bornmuellera kiyakii Aytaç & Aksoy and Associated Plants of the Brassicaceae from Kızıldağ (Derebucak, Konya-Turkey)

Abstract: Recent exploration of an area of ultramafic geology in south-western Turkey led to the discovery and description of a new species, Bornmuellera kiyakii Aytac & Aksoy (Brassicaceae). This was of particular interest to us because of the earlier discovery of nickel hyperaccumulation (Ni concentrations exceeding 0.1% of plant dry weight) in 6 other taxa in this small genus from Albania, Greece, and Turkey. We report herein that B. kiyakii is also a Ni hyperaccumulator, based on a population near Camlik that showed a mean Ni concentration exceeding 8000 mg kg-1 of dried leaf material. Several other members of the Brassicaceae at the same site-species of Alyssum L., Pseudosempervivum (Boiss.) Grossh. (formerly in Cochlearia L.) and Thlaspi L.-also act as Ni hyperaccumulators.

A New Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) Species from Turkey

Abstract: A new Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species from Turkey is described and illustrated. Centaurea dursunbeyensis Uysal & Kose exists on limestone crevices in ancient Dursunbey Forest (Balikesir) in western Anatolia. It belongs to C. sect. Phalolepis (Cass.) DC., and taxonomically its closest relatives are C. aphrodisea Boiss. and C. cadmea Boiss. Diagnostic morphological characters from very similar taxa are provided, and a key is provided that includes related species of sect. Phalolepis from Turkey. The geographical distribution of the new species and species of other related taxa of the same section are mapped. The chromosome number of C. dursunbeyensis, 2n = 36, counted in root tips, is also reported and illustrated.

A New Record for Turkey: Salvia aristata Aucher ex Benth. (Lamiaceae)

Abstract: Salvia aristata Aucher ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) is recorded for the first time from south-east Turkey.

Lichenised and Lichenicolous Fungi of Aladağlar National Park (Niğde, Kayseri and Adana Provinces) in Turkey

Abstract: Three hundred and two lichenised fungi taxa belonging to 90 genera and 45 lichenicolous fungi taxa belonging to 24 genera are reported from Aladaglar National Park. Of these, 290 lichenised fungi taxa and 21 lichenicolous fungi taxa are reported for the first time from Aladaglar National Park. Nine species of lichenised fungi, namely Arthopyrenia fraxini A.Massal., Aspicilia obscurata (Fr.) Arnold, Cephalophysis leucospila (Anzi) H.Kilias & Scheid., Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig., Collema texanum var. texanum Tuck., Leconora usbekica Poelt, Placidium boccanum (Servit) Breuss, Sarcogyne distinguenda Th.Fr., and Verrucaria latericola Erichsen, are new to Turkey. One lichenicolous fungus species, Stigmidium rouxianum Calatayud & Triebel, is new to Turkey. Moreover, one saprobic fungus species, apparently in an initial phase of lichenisation, named Dactylospora mediterranea Sarrion & Hafellner, is also a new record for Turkey and it seems that this species is reported for the first time after its description in 2002. Furthermore, 107 taxa are new to Kayseri province, 97 taxa are new to Nigde province, and 24 taxa are new to Adana province. Comments on taxonomy, habitat, and substrata are provided for some interesting taxa. Ozet: Aladaglar Milli Parkindan 90 cinse ait 302 likenlesmis fungus taksonu ve 24 cinse ait 45 likenikol fungus taksonu rapor edilmistir. 290 likenlesmis fungus taksonu ve 22 likenikol fungus taksonu Aladaglar Milli Parki'ndan ilk kez rapor edilmistir. Dokuz likenlesmis fungus taksonu Turkiye icin yeni kayittir: Arthopyrenia fraxini A.Massal., Aspicilia obscurata (Fr.) Arnold, Cephalophysis leucospila (Anzi) H.Kilias & Scheid., Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig., Collema texanum var. texanum Tuck., Leconora usbekica Poelt, Placidium boccanum (Servit) Breuss, Sarcogyne distinguenda Th.Fr., Verrucaria latericola Erichsen. Bir likenikol fungus taksonu: Stigmidium rouxianum Calatayud & Triebel Turkiye icin yeni kayittir. Ayni zamanda, Dactylospora mediterranea Sarrion & Hafellner olarak adlandirilan ve acikca likenlesmenin erken safhalarinda bulunan saprofitik bir fungus turu Turkiye icin yeni kayittir ve bu tur 2002'deki tanimlamadan sonra ilk kez rapor edilmistir. Ayrica, 107 takson Kayseri ili icin, 97 takson Nigde ili icin ve 24 taxon Adana ili icin yeni kayit durumundadir. Bazi ilginc taksonlarin taksonomisi, habitat ve substratlari hakkinda yorumlar verilmistir.

Contribution to the desmid flora of Turkey

Abstract: Cosmarium botrytis Menegh. ex Ralfs var. tumidum Wolle, Cosmarium notabile Breb. var. transiens Insam et Krieger, Cosmarium tetragonum (Nag.) Arch. in Pritchard var. tetragonum, and Cosmarium vogesiacum Lemaire var. alpinum (Schmidle) Laporte are recorded for the first time for the desmid flora of Turkey. The desmids are recorded from Yedigoller Lakes in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey.

Phylogenetic Analyses of Amaranthaceae Based on matK DNA Sequence Data with Emphasis on West African Species

Abstract: Comparative sequencing of the chloroplast matK coding and non-coding regions was used to examine relationship among the species of Amaranthaceae with emphasis on the West African species and other closely related family such as Chenopodiaceae, Portulacaceae, and Caryophyllaceae. Phylogenetic analysis of the matK sequences alone and in combination using maximum parsimony methods produced monophyletic lineage of Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae. Our results indicated that a polyphyletic Celosieae as sister to an Amaranthus-Chemissoa lineage. Subfamily Amaranthoideae is paraphyletic to the core Gomphrenoids. This study also shows that the polyphyly of Amarantheae is apparent and so is the polyphyly of Amaranthinae.

Macrofungi of Göksun (Kahramanmaraş) district

Abstract: Macrofungi samples were collected from Goksun (Kahramanmaras) district between 2005 and 2007. As a result of field and laboratory studies, 110 taxa belonging to 33 families and 70 genera in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes were identified. The distribution, habitat, and collection numbers of the identified species are given.

Diversity of endophytic fungi from various Aegean and Mediterranean orchids (saleps)

Abstract: The diversity and host specificity of endophytic and Rhizoctonia-like fungi were investigated in orchids from the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Endophytic fungi from various Aegean and Mediterranean orchids (Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C.M.Richard, Orchis sancta L., Ophrys fusca Link., and Serapias vomeracea subsp. orientalis Greuter) were isolated and identified partially. Surface sterilisation of roots and tubers was carried out in laminar airflow under aseptic conditions. Several modified methods for the isolation of symbiotic fungi from orchid roots and tubers were used. Most of the orchid endophytes isolated was found to be Fusarium Link ex Fr. spp. A total of 47 isolates, having genus characterisations as 44 (94%) isolates belonging to the genus Fusarium, 2 (4%) isolates belonging to the Rhizoctonia DC. ex Fr.-like fungi, and 1 (2%) isolate belonging to the genus Papulaspora Preuss, were found from the orchid root and tubers. Endophytic Fusarium spp. were isolated from Aegean and Mediterranean orchids Anacamptis pyramidalis, Orchis sancta, Ophrys fusca, and Serapias vomeracea subsp. orientalis. Rhizoctonia-like fungi were only isolated from Orchis sancta whereas Papulaspora sp. was only isolated from Anacamptis pyramidalis.

Some new records of Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. from Turkey.

Abstract: Some new records of Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. based on samples collected from Osmaniye, Kilis, and Isparta provinces are presented. Inocybe flocculosa var. crocifolia (Herink) Kuyper, I. ochroalba Bruyl., I. pallida Velen., I. splendens var. splendens R. Heim, I. substellata Kuhner, and I. vaccina Kuhner were determined to be new records from Turkey.

Notes on some lichenicolous fungi species from Turkey II

Abstract: Comments on habitat, substrata and spore structures for 9 lichenicolous fungi species from Turkey are given. Endococcus verrucosus Hafellner and Rosellinula haplospora (Th.Fr. & Almqu. ex Th.Fr.) R.Sant. are new records for Turkey.

Study of seasonal influences on algal biodiversity in the River Yarqon (central Israel) by bio-indication and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).

Abstract: In our research conducted in the River Yarqon during 2003-2006, we identified 313 taxa of algae and cyanobacteria belonging to 8 taxonomical divisions. Out of these 313 taxa, 268 taxa (85.6%) were indicators of environmental conditions that characterised the river water as alkaline with medium mineralisation. In the rainy and dry seasons the algal taxonomic compositions were very different, with prevailing diatoms in the winter and cyabobacteria and greens in summer. Bio-indication shows that the taxonomic preference for the self-purification process was more intensive during the rainy season, while the low level of river water in the dry season stressed the algal community. By employing CCA analysis some indicators of highly mineralised water with high pH, anthropogenic pollution, and eutrophication were revealed. CCA analyses also helped to reveal various biosensor species sensitive to the advent of anthropogenic pollution. We therefore conclude that the combination of bioindicational methods with statistics is effective in the determination of the main factors influencing algal divers ity. This combination is also helpful in indicating which biosensing species will influence the most important environmental parameters. The obtained results can be used for water quality assessment and in monitoring systems of Israeli and other Mediterranean coastal rivers.

New records for the Turkish macrofungi from Amasya province

Abstract: Macrofungi specimens were collected from different localities in Amasya province between 2002 and 2005, particularly during the months of spring and autumn. In all, 16 species were identified as new records; 1 species belongs to Ascomycetes and the other 15 species belong to Basidiomycetes. These new species are Hypoxylon multiforme, Polyporus melanopus, Hygrophorus pratensis var. pratensis, Hygrocybe ovina, Clitocybe ornamentalis, Hemimycena pseudocrispula, Mycena adscendens, Baespora myriadophylla, Entoloma mutabilipes, Parasola hemerobia, Conocybe blattaria, Psilocybe phyllogena, Inocybe squamata, Gymnopilus stabilis, Cortinarius evernius, and Galerina mycenoides.

A New Record for Turkey: Centaurea aziziana Rech.f. (Asteraceae)

Abstract: Centaurea aziziana Rech.f. (Asteraceae) is recorded for the first time (B9 Van province) for the flora of Turkey. The diagnostic characters of C. aziziana are described and its habitat and conservation are discussed.

Phellinus sulphurascens (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota): a very rare wood-decay fungus in Europe collected in Turkey.

Abstract: Phellinus sulphurascens Pilat was collected from juniper tree stumps (Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissima) in two different localities situated in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. This very rare species is known in Europe only from the Ural Mountains in Russia. This fungus is an aggressive root rot pathogen associated with Douglas fir and other conifers in North America. This is the first report on juniper as a new host outside of its known distribution area.

Ornithogalum nurdaniae (Liliaceae), a new species from north west Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract: Ornithogalum nurdaniae Y.Bagci & Savran sp. nov. (Liliaceae), a new species related to O. oligophyllum E.D.Clarke, is described and illustrated from Uludag (the Bithynian Olympus), a mountain in NW Anatolia well known for its rich flora and many local endemics (A2 Bursa province). Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed. Notes are also presented on the ecology, biogeography, and conservation status of the new species.