Showing papers in "Urological Research in 1979"
TL;DR: The results suggest that collagenase activity of advanced tumours is predominantly expressed in the perivesical layer of the bladder wall, and a quantitative estimate of this enzyme may help to distinguish between Stage B and Stage C tumours.
Abstract: Collagenase activity in human bladder carcinomas was measured against 14C-labeled collagen as substrate. Enzyme activity in vivo increased with the degree of penetration of the bladder wall. It was not detectable or low in the cases of superficially infiltrating tumours (A, B1, B2) and high in the cases of deeply infiltrating tumours (C, D). These results suggest that collagenase activity of advanced tumours is predominantly expressed in the perivesical layer of the bladder wall. A quantitative estimate of this enzyme may thus help to distinguish between Stage B and Stage C tumours.
57 citations
TL;DR: A negative correlation has been found between the geographical distribution of the relative frequency of hospital discharges, a diagnosis of urolithiasis, and reported water hardness, and a survey of 1974 discharge data from United States hospitals shows an apparent increase in urology.
Abstract: A survey of 1974 discharge data from United States hospitals shows an apparent increase in urolithiasis. A negative correlation has been found between the geographical distribution of the relative frequency of hospital discharges, a diagnosis of urolithiasis, and reported water hardness.
40 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that in this geographic region the various stone types prevail in different age periods; there are distinct alterations of parameters of mineral metabolism in urolithiasis; measuring urine clearances may lead to assume falsely normal mean urine excretion of stone forming constituents.
Abstract: Stone analyses (kidney, upper urinary tract) of the department of Urology, University of Erlangen, from a four-year-period (1974–1977) have been recorded with emphasis to stone composition, sex and age of the pertinent stone forming patients. During this time period there were no substantial changes as regards the per cent frequency of the various stone types. The most frequent type was calcium oxalate (CaOx), followed by uric acid, calcium phosphate (CaP), struvite and cystine. Stone analyses were mostly requested for patients between 46 and 55 years of age. Stone incidence in our clinic is calculated to be 1.22 times higher in males than females, especially beyond 36 years of age. The frequency peaks are: pure (=100 per cent) CaOx 36–45 years; CaOx with additional mineral phases (mostly CaP) 46–55 years; uric acid 56–65 years; CaP 26–35 years. From those patients who underwent further investigations in searching for metabolic abnormalities serum concentrations, urine mineral clearances in fasting urine samples, and activity products of stone forming mineral phases in sequentially collected specimens from 24 h and 2 h fasting urine had been measured and compared with values from healthy control subjects. In urolithiasis (idiopathic) there is a normal parathyroid hormone blood level, a generally lower serum inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentration. In pure (=100 per cent) CaOx and uric acid lithiasis serum uric acid and creatinine are higher than in controls, urine pH and calcium clearance in some groups are different too. Clearances of magnesium, uric acid, phosphate, sodium are within normal limits in urolithiasis. When expressing the propensity to form stones in terms of activity products, then only uric acid lithiasis deviates substantially from normal. All other stone types differ only slightly or not at all from each other and controls respectively. It is concluded that 1) in our geographic region the various stone types prevail in different age periods; 2) there are distinct alterations of parameters of mineral metabolism in urolithiasis; 3) measuring urine clearances may lead to assume falsely normal mean urine excretion of stone forming constituents.
35 citations
TL;DR: Summary1122 cytological diagnoses have been made on 2500 Papanicolaou stained cytological slides from Patients with urothelial carcinomas, with good accuracy for G1 tumours, G2 and G3 carcinomas.
Abstract: 1122 cytological diagnoses have been made on 2500 Papanicolaou stained cytological slides from Patients with urothelial carcinomas. The cytological accuracy was 78% for G1 tumours, 94% for G2 and 96% for G3 carcinomas. A histologically diagnosed G1 carcinoma was cytologically G1 in 81% of cases, a G2 carcinoma was recognized in 64% and G3 carcinoma in 48%.
29 citations
TL;DR: In the presence of chronic renal failure uromucoid excretion was found to be reduced and correlated with overall renal function as assessed by creatinine clearance.
Abstract: Using an electroimmunoassay technique for uromucoid in urine, the excretion of this protein has been studied in normal subjects, calcium stone formers and in patients with chronic renal failure. In the normal subjects there was no significant difference in daily excretion between males and females, but a positive correlation with urine volume was demonstrated for this group. No significant difference in daily uromucoid excretion was found between normal and stone forming subjects. In the presence of chronic renal failure uromucoid excretion was found to be reduced and correlated with overall renal function as assessed by creatinine clearance.
28 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate a correlation between the degree of cellular anaplasia and the occurrence of cell populations with increased DNA content in the tumours, and indicate that FCM analysis may be a valuable adjunct to histology.
Abstract: The DNA distribution has been investigated in biopsies from human bladder carcinomas by means of flow cytometry (FCM) The FCM analysis was based on a preparation method yielding a suspension of single cell nuclei Biopsies from 45 patients were analysed The results demonstrate a correlation between the degree of cellular anaplasia and the occurrence of cell populations with increased DNA content in the tumours Cells with diploid DNA content constituted more than 90% of well-differentiated tumours and normal bladder mucosa Cell populations with aneuploid DNA content occurred in almost all biopsies with cellular anaplasia estimated as grades II and III by microscopic examination The results indicate that FCM analysis may be a valuable adjunct to histology The possible prognostic significance of altered DNA distribution in bladder tumours is discussed
26 citations
TL;DR: Prostatic transcrectal fine needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometric analysis of the single cell DNA content was carried out in 8 patients with untreated carcinoma of the prostate before and at frequent intervals during treatment with oestrogenic compounds to observe a change towards diploid DNA distributions.
Abstract: Prostatic transcrectal fine needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometric analysis of the single cell DNA content was carried out in 8 patients with untreated carcinoma of the prostate before and at frequent intervals during treatment with oestrogenic compounds. Before treatment, the undifferentiated tumours were characterised by hyperploid cell populations while diploid cells were found in well differentiated cases. During treatment a change towards diploid DNA distributions was observed in hyperploid cancers between 3 and 6 months after initiation of therapy. Supplementary flow cytometric DNA analysis may be of value in follow-up studies of patients with prostatic cancers particularly of more poorly differentiated types.
23 citations
TL;DR: The comparison of the structures of the intrarenally formed crystals with those of Whewellite stones by scanning electron microscopy and the examination of isolated crystals by x-ray diffraction showed the intratubular crystals to consist ofWhewellite.
Abstract: Rabbits were given glyoxylic acid to induce intrarenal calcium oxalate crystal formation. The point of crystallisation in the renal tubule, the structure and the composition of the intrarenal crystals were studied. The initial crystallisation takes place in the proximal tubule. Calcium phosphate formation was excluded by microprobe examination. The comparison of the structures of the intrarenally formed crystals with those of Whewellite stones by scanning electron microscopy and the examination of isolated crystals by x-ray diffraction showed the intratubular crystals to consist of Whewellite.
22 citations
TL;DR: Nine of the 21 anticancer drugs tested for their ability to cause mutations in Salmonella typhimurium test strains in theSalmonella/microsome mutagenicity test showed this ability: cyclophosphamide, nitromin, thio-tepa, busulfan, 6-mercaptopurine, neocarzinostatin, daunomycin, adriamycin and estramustine phosphate.
Abstract: Twenty-one anti-cancer drugs have been tested for their ability to cause mutations in Salmonella typhimurium test strains in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. Nine of the 21 anticancer drugs showed this ability: cyclophosphamide, nitromin, thio-tepa, busulfan, 6-mercaptopurine, neocarzinostatin, daunomycin, adriamycin and estramustine phosphate. Seven of these 9 mutagenic drugs were injected continuously into the jugular veins of rats. Urine was collected through a cystostomy tube and tested for mutagenicity. The urine from rats treated with 6 of these 7 drugs was mutagenic. These were cyclophosphamide, nitromin, thio-tepa, neocarzinostatin, adriamycin and daunomycin.
21 citations
TL;DR: A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed which dispenses with separation operations and measures oxalic acid as a diethylester by means of back-flushing, and using malonic acid as an internal standard.
Abstract: The known methods of oxalic acid determination are not suitable for reliable, rapid and economical routine analysis. A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed which dispenses with separation operations and measures oxalic acid as a diethylester by means of back-flushing, and using malonic acid as an internal standard. One determination can be conducted within 6 to 8 min. and preparation of the specimen takes about the same amount of time. If the gas chromatographic conditions are changed and more time is permitted for analysis, numerous other extractable acidic metabolites can also be determined.
21 citations
TL;DR: No evidence of a raised incidence in the families of affected individuals has been found either in this study or other large studies (I, 5, 6, 15).
Abstract: Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is the term now commonly used to denote a congenital anomaly of the renal medullary pyramids characterised by dilatation and cystic malformation of the collecting tubules. It may be unilateral or bilateral and diffuse or confined to a few pyramids. The affected pyramids are often enlarged and there may be generalised renal enlargement. Very often the ectatic medullary structures contain small radiodense concretions and the disorder also predisposes to infection. It is probable that all the symptoms of MSK are caused by these two complications and the majority of patients present as cases of renal lithiasis or pyelonephritis. The disorder was first reported tn 1938 when, at an Italian Radiological Congress, Lenarduzzi (12) showed a case in which punctate areas of calcification in the pyramids of both kidneys were accompanied by the passage of contrast medium into dilated collecting tubules during pyelography. During the next ten years a few similar cases were reported in the Italian literature notably by Cacchi and Ricci (2) who coined the term \"rene a spugna\" but it was not until 1959 when Ekstr6m and his colleagues (5) published their extensive and well illustrated monograph based on the study of 44 cases that the radiological, clinical and morbid anatomical features of the condition became widely known. During the past 20 years we have seen 26 males and 21 females with the radiological signs of medullary sponge kidney. All but one of these patients were under our clinical care and 26 have undergone repeated review over periods of 5-20 years. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical and other features of this series of patients and to compare our findings with those reported by other authors. Nothing is known of the aetiology of the condition. Although it is congenital and although it was described in three successive generations (I0) no evidence of a raised incidence in the families of affected individuals has been found either in this study or other large studies (I, 5, 6, 15).
TL;DR: In ten incontinent female patients the reproducibility of urethral closure pressure profile parameters obtained with the Brown and Wickham technique in two consecutive measurements and in measurements after a one month interval was assessed.
Abstract: In ten incontinent female patients the reproducibility of urethral closure pressure profile parameters obtained with the Brown and Wickham technique in two consecutive measurements and in measurements after a one month interval was assessed. Variances after one month were statistically signifiantly larger than the variances between consecutive measurements. The mean values obtained with one month interval did not differ significantly.
TL;DR: Citrate and PPi proved to be important urinary inhibitors of the growth of calcium oxalate crystals and inhibitory effect of PPi in urine of healthy people was enhanced by unknown factors.
Abstract: The effect of urine, pyrophosphate (PPi), citrate and diphosphonate on the formation, the growth rate or the aggregation of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate crystals was measured by 4 different methods. The degree of supersaturation and the area of crystal surface present in the test systems were found to be limiting factors for the action of inhibitors. Citrate and PPi proved to be important urinary inhibitors of the growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Comparison between stone formers and healthy controls revealed a significant lack of PPi in urine of male patients. The inhibitory effect of PPi in urine of healthy people was enhanced by unknown factors. This enhancement could not be found in about 60% of the stone patients. Problems relating to measurement and clinical importance of inhibitors are discussed.
TL;DR: Implantation of a stone in the ureter of the dog by Ureterotomy results in focal hyperperistalsis which is accentuated by administration of norepinephrine, and reduced by Administration of phenoxybenzamine or isoproterenol.
Abstract: Implantation of a stone in the ureter of the dog by ureterotomy results in focal hyperperistalsis which is accentuated by administration of norepinephrine, and reduced by administration of phenoxybenzamine or isoproterenol. Administration of dipyrone reduces the hyperperistalsis, but this action does not appear to be that of either a β-agonist or an α-antagonist.
TL;DR: The control of bleeding by Formalin was safe especially in patients with secondary haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis with no tumour recurrence.
Abstract: During the last two years, 17 patients with haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis or bladder cancer have been treated by intravesical infusion of 10% Formalin solution. The results were very good in 9 cases, satisfactory in 3, while the remaining 5 cases were disappointing. The control of bleeding by Formalin was safe especially in patients with secondary haemorrhage due to radiation cystitis with no tumour recurrence.
TL;DR: Tissue reactions were minimal and patency of all grafts was demonstrated during the follow-up period, and no major complications were noted.
Abstract: In 12 male dogs 3–8 cm of the penile urethra were resected and replaced by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (GORE-TEX®) grafts. Follow-up consisted of periodic urethrograms. Maximum observation time has been 12 months. Up to now, no major complications were noted. Tissue reactions were minimal and patency of all grafts was demonstrated during the follow-up period.
TL;DR: The present summary does not attempt to cover the established literature, but discusses some recent findings of potential interest to clinicians that are being used to monitor disease activity.
Abstract: In recent years substances have been discovered which occur in increased amounts in tumour cells as opposed to normal cells, or in raised concentrations in the blood of patients with advanced tumours. New techniques and the availability of purer reagents have permitted us to characterise these marker substances for diagnostic and prognostic use. Already several substances are being used to monitor disease activity. The present summary does not attempt to cover the established literature, but discusses some recent findings of potential interest to clinicians.
TL;DR: Peritumoural inflammation consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and lymph follicles is present in two thirds of invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas and its presence is a favourable prognostic factor.
Abstract: Peritumoural inflammation consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and lymph follicles is present in two thirds of invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas. This type of inflammation is significantly rarer in advanced tumour stages (P3, P4) and its presence is a favourable prognostic factor. The mean survival time in patients with this type of inflammation is 26.1 months compared to only 14.8 months in patients without. All other forms of inflammation e. g. eosinophilic or polymorphonuclear leukocytes have no relation with prognosis. The significant prognostic value of lympho-plasmocytic inflammation may be considered as local expression of immunological host resistance.
TL;DR: Tap water calcium content in Great Britain has been re-determined and found to vary with geological age; the older the land mass the lower is the local tap water calciumcontent.
Abstract: Tap water calcium content in Great Britain has been re-determined and found to vary with geological age; the older the land mass the lower is the local tap water calcium content. No obvious correlation was observed between local tap water calcium content and the number of patients discharged from hospital with a first diagnosis of renal calculi. Variations in tap water calcium content were found to account for less than three per cent of the variation observed in 24 h urinary calcium output.
TL;DR: Infiltrating transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder were induced by ingestion of 0.188% N-[4-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) in 145 female Wistar rats and statistically significant differences of bladder tumour weights were found after treatment with BCG alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide.
Abstract: Infiltrating transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder were induced by ingestion of 0.188% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) in 145 female Wistar rats. After 8 months of carcinogen exposure, the animals were divided into different treatment groups. They received cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally as a single injection or BCG either once intralesionally or weekly subcutaneously or a combination of cyclophosphamide followed by subcutaneous BCG. The treatment effect was determined by body weight measurements and bladder tumour weight after 12 months. Compared with a control group statistically significant differences of bladder tumour weights were found after treatment with BCG alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide. Intralesional BCG resulted in an insignificant increase of tumour weights.
TL;DR: Jejunoileal bypass operations have been used for more than 20 years for the treatment of massive obesity, but this treatment results in malabsorption with diarrhoea, especially during the first year after the operation.
Abstract: Jejunoileal bypass operations have been used for more than 20 years for the treatment of massive obesity. This treatment results in malabsorption with diarrhoea, especially during the first year after the operation. A high incidence of urinary tract calculi have been found in these patients (4,5,15,19,24). Other known late complications are transient disturbances in liver function and electrolyte balance (5).
TL;DR: The alkylating moiety of estramustine phosphate seems to be the main principle of the cytotoxic effect observed in treatment of mice bearing levulose sarcoma, which was similar to that of cyclophosphamide.
Abstract: Treatment of mice bearing levulose sarcoma with estramustine phosphate showed a cytotoxic effect which was similar to that of cyclophosphamide. Therefore, the alkylating moiety of estramustine phosphate seems to be the main principle of the cytotoxic effect observed. However, this effect of estramustine phosphate was observed only on the levulose sarcoma among the mouse tumours examined. Estramustine phosphate also inhibited the growth of androgen dependent and independent mouse mammary tumours (SC-115 and SC-115-Independent). These effects of estramustine phosphate were also evoked by injection of estradiol-17β, 3, 17-diphosphate, therefore it seems to be due mainly to the oestrogenic activity of the compound.
TL;DR: Geographical variations in urinary composition were small except for a raised oxalate content in Scotland and seasonal variations were small and not systematic with the notable exception of a summer rise in oxalates in all areas.
Abstract: Aliquots of 24 hour urine samples were collected from a series of normal doctors in various areas of England, Scotland and Wales. The total volume was recorded and aliquots sent in for analysis for sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, urate, magnesium and oxalate. Geographical variations in urinary composition were small except for a raised oxalate content in Scotland. Likewise, seasonal variations were small and not systematic with the notable exception of a summer rise in oxalate content in all areas.
TL;DR: Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis, including the correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and the thiazide provocative test.
Abstract: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of calcium urolithiasis and is easily recognised when it is classically manifested. However, subtle presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism may cause confusion with other causes of calcium stone disease or cause diagnostic difficulty. Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis. Cases 1 and 2 represent ineffective or useless parathyroid surgery rendered for renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had mild or intermittent hypercalcaemia. The correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made in Case 3 by parathyroid venous sampling and bone densitometry. In Case 4, the thiazide provocative test was used to establish the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.
TL;DR: Three types of hypercalciuria are described and it is emphasised that at present there is only limited knowledge on the chain of events linking calorie intake and the response of the kidney.
Abstract: Three types of hypercalciuria are described; their existence and frequent association with calcium urolithiasis in humans are accepted. Various dietary factors such as minerals, electrolytes, fluids, vitamin D, carbohydrates, proteins are discussed with regard to their ability to alter the nature and the degree of calcium excretion following their ingestion. It is emphasised that at present we have only limited knowledge on the chain of events linking calorie intake and the response of the kidney.
TL;DR: Strips from dilated pelves of both species were more reactive to alpha-adrenergic and tryptaminergic agonists than strips from normal kidneys and cholinergic receptor functions were missing in all specimens.
Abstract: Autonomic receptor functions in muscle strips of normal and dilated renal pelves from man and rabbit have been studied. Strips from dilated pelves of both species were more reactive to alpha-adrenergic and tryptaminergic agonists than strips from normal kidneys. Cholinergic receptor functions were missing in all specimens.
TL;DR: The present knowledge of renal handling of urate and oxalate and some conclusions as to the possible relevance of this knowledge for the understanding of urolithiasis and intrarenal precipitation are drawn.
Abstract: Both urate and oxalate are organic acids of considerable clinical interest, owing to their limited solubility. Calcium oxalate is the most frequent constituent of renal calculi and occasionally precipitates in body fluids. Urate precipitations are common in the kidney and in various other tissues. In this paper, a short outline of the present knowledge of renal handling of these substances will be followed by some conclusions as to the possible relevance of this knowledge for the understanding of urolithiasis and intrarenal precipitation. Direct (micropuncture) data are available for urate in the rat (1,6, 7, 10, 21, 23, 28, 36, 42), rabbit (35), dog (34) and cebus monkey (33) and in the rat only for oxalate (11, 15, 20).
TL;DR: The increase in the size of the exchangeable calcium pool, the activation of bone turnover, the hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia, as well as hypercalciuria are evidence for a reactive hyperparathyroidism.
Abstract: The kinetics of calcium metabolism in the rat were analysed by doing a calcium balance and an assay with 45Ca after feeding a calciumbinding ion exchanger during 3 weeks. Serum and urine concentrations of inorganic phosphate and of calcium were estimated. The increase in the size of the exchangeable calcium pool, the activation of bone turnover, the hypophosphataemia and hyperphosphaturia, as well as hypercalciuria are evidence for a reactive hyperparathyroidism. The results of these experiments call for further investigations concerning the influence of cation exchangers on bone metabolism under clinical conditions.
TL;DR: The binding of dihydrotestosterone within the nuclear fraction of the prostate of male Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis has been investigated and the binding was shown to be specific towards DHT and could not be found in control tissue.
Abstract: The binding of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) within the nuclear fraction of the prostate of male Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis has been investigated. Using in vivo or in vitro labelling with 3H-DHT, the presence of a receptor protein having a sedimentation coefficient of 3.0 S was demonstrated. The binding was shown to be specific towards DHT and could not be found in control tissue. Analysis of radiometabolites associated with the steroid receptor complex demonstrated that the majority of the bound steroid was DHT. The similarity between this steroid receptor complex and that of rat ventral prostate, together with the potential use of this experimental model are discussed.
TL;DR: Raised renal venous pressure induced by ligation of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins in rats produces an essentially transient renal injury with electrolyte imbalance, phosphate retention but normal calcium levels and blood pressure.
Abstract: Raised renal venous pressure induced by ligation of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins in rats produces an essentially transient renal injury with electrolyte imbalance, phosphate retention but normal calcium levels and blood pressure. Medial necrosis and calcification of the aorta and the large arteries develop within a few days. Discrete arteritis — periarteritis focal myocarditis and visceral calcification are also seen. The parathyroid glands show signs of hyperfunction.