Showing papers in "Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology in 1973"

Deletion of cells by apoptosis during castration-induced involution of the rat prostate.

Abstract: Extensive loss of epithelial cells as a result of enhanced apoptosis was found to play a major role in castration-induced involution of the rat ventral prostate, the ultrastructural features of the phenomenon being essentially the same as those described in other tissues under both physiological and pathological conditions. Affected cells condensed and fragmented to produce membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies with morphologically intact organelles. These were either extruded into acinar lumina, where they underwent a change resembling coagulative necrosis, or were ingested by viable cells, to be rapidly degraded within phagolysosomes. The majority of the bodies were disposed of by macrophage-like cells found scattered along the basal part of the acinar lining, but some were taken up by epithelial cells. Whilst the participation of autophagy in the genesis of diffuse atrophy of remaining viable epithelial cells was confirmed, it should be stressed that the distinction between autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic bodies within heterophagosomes in epithelial cells is sometimes difficult to make. A low basal rate of ultrastructurally typical apoptosis was observed in the prostates of normal rats, and this was moderately augmented by estradiol administration. Exogenous testosterone prevented both atrophy of epithelial cells and enhancement of apoptosis after orchidectomy. However the dose used did not completely suppress apoptosis. The results indicate that apoptosis can be triggered and inhibited in a differentiated adult tissue by hormones normally present in the blood, and suggest that the control of cell deletion might play just as important a role in the homeostasis of cell populations as does the control of mitosis.

Proliferation kinetics of myelopoietic cells and macrophages in diffusion chambers after treatment with granulocyte extracts (chalone).

Abstract: 1. A single injection of partially purified extracts of mature granulocytes into mice carrying intraperitoneal diffusion chambers inhibits the progression of myelopoietic cells into DNA synthesis during exponential proliferation. The inhibition leads to a reduced cell yield after 12 hours. Cells in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle are not inhibited, but some of the cells which are not arrested in G1 seem to proceed through S very slowly. 2. When the extracts are made from suspensions of granulocytes contaminated with some macrophages, the proliferation of macrophages in diffusion chambers is also inhibited. Extracts of granulocyte suspensions containing no macrophages showed no such effect. This suggests the existence of different inhibitors for myelopoietic cells and macrophages. 3. The inhibition of cell proliferation by granulocyte extracts is tissue specific for myelopoietic cells. Crude skin extracts inhibiting cells in the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle in epidermis had no effect on myelopoietic cells in diffusion chambers.

Observations on freshly isolated and accurately identified spermatogenic cells of the rat. Early effects of heat and short-time experimental cryptorchidism.

Abstract: The effects of a “moderate dose” of heat (43° C for 15 min) 1 1/2 and 3 h after treatment and of a short-time experimental cryptorchidism (12 and 24 h) on rat spermatogenic cells were studied using a method based on phase-contrast microscopy of freshly isolated, accurately identified and unstained cells. Three hours after heat treatment, a dull zone covering stages from X to I was detected by transillumination of freshly isolated tubules. This was caused by degenerating pachytene spermatocytes in stages X-XII, diakinetic and dividing spermatocytes in stages XIII and XIV and stage 1 spermatids, which had typical bright phase-change characteristics in isolated condition.

Variations in crypt cell cycle time and mitotic time in the small intestine of the rat.

Abstract: A stathmokinetic technique, which has estimable precision, has been used for measuring cell cycle times in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Mitotic times for the epithelial cells have been calculated using cell cycle times together with mitotic indices derived in the absence of a stathmokinetic agent. Both cell cycle and mitotic times in rat intestinal cells showed regional, circadian and age variations, but in animals in which physical activity was increased cell cycle and mitotic times were not appreciably different form those in control rats.

[Pseudofollicular nests of plasmacells (of a special type?) in paracortical pulp of human lymph nodes (author' s transl)].

Abstract: A comparative light and electron microscopic study of the so-called Lymphoblastennester (nests of lymphoblasts) (Lennert) in 5 lymph node biopsies was performed. Light microscopically these cells are characterized by a uniform, lightly stained, oval nucleus with a small, but prominent nucleolus. The weakly basophilic cytoplasm is moderately large, well defined and strains grey—blue with Giemsa. These cells are arranged in small or larger groups showing a topographic relation to the postcapillary venules and the intermediary sinuses of the paracortical pulp of the lymph nodes. Electron microscopically the dominating cell type of these “nests” shows a well developed ergastoplasm and a prominent Golgi-apparatus. The ergastoplasm is composed of long, rough-surfaced tubules lying parallel to the nucleus, and of small vesicles. The lightly stained cytoplasm contains only few ribosomes or polysomes. These cells represent a morphologically separate type of plasma cells. Their origin and functional significance, however, remains uncertain.

Chlorphentermine-induced ultrastructural changes in liver tissues of four animal species.

Abstract: The ultrastructure of liver tissues from guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and rats was examined after chronic administration of the anorectic drug chlorphentermine. While hepatocytes of rats remained largely unaltered, those of guinea pigs, rabbits and mice contained numerous membrane-limited inclusion bodies with a lamellar, a reticular or a crystallinelike internal structure. Similar inclusions were found in increased numbers within Kupffer cells of rats, guinea pigs and mice.

Mitotic Activity of Peritoneum in Contact with a Regenerating Area of Peritoneum

Abstract: Mitosis of mesothelial cells occurs near the edges of a wound of parietal peritoneum, but if the wound is placed so that it contacts the visceral peritoneum of the liver a comparable mitotic activity is seen in the liver mesothelium. Thus, although the wound is covered with macrophages and lymphocytes at a very early stage, the cells which finally repair the wound appear to be new mesothelial cells, many of which have migrated from the opposing stimulated peritoneum.

Epidermal growth inhibitors (chalones) in dermis and serum.

Abstract: Recent results have shown that water extracts of mouse skin contains two separate inhibitors of epidermal cell proliferation. One of these inhibitors acts on epidermal cells in the late part of the G1 phase and is probably produced by the keratinizing cells. The other factor acts on epidermal G2 cells and can be extracted from isolated basal layer cells. In the present study it was found that water extracts made from rat dermis inhibited mouse epidermal G2 cells but not those in late G1 phase. This effect is similar to that of the epidermal G2-inhibitor extracted from basal layer cells. Intraperitoneal injection of mouse serum had no effect on epidermal cell proliferation but the G2-inhibiting activity of crude skin extracts was reduced or lost when dissolved in fresh serum. The G1-inhibitmg activity was only slightly reduced by fresh serum. Heated serum had no influence on either inhibitor. These results indicate that dermis and blood could be involved in the normal removal of the epidermal chalone. The findings are discussed in relation to epidermal growth and differentiation, and to the role of serum in sustaining growth in vitro.

The distortion and disorganization of the glomerulus in progressive Masugi nephritis in the rat.

Abstract: Irreversible glomerular injury was analyzed in the secondary phase of rat Masugi nephritis. The in vivo labeling of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) by the silver nitrate enabled the detailed examination of the glomerular distortion. The simplification of the glomerular tufts initiated from the mesangiolysis resulted in the intracapillary disorganization of the glomeruli. Extracapillary exudation sometimes with the rupture of the GBM was often associated with the crescent formation or granulomatous extracapillary inflammation. The results showed that the structural disintegration is the fundamental events in the development of progressive glomerulonephritis.

Zur Regenerationskapazität des Leberepithels junger, wiederholt teilhepatektomierter Ratten. Autoradiographische Untersuchungen nach kontinuierlicher Dauerinfusion von 3 H-Thymidin

Abstract: 40 days old male Sprague Dawley rats were separated into two different groups. In the animals of group one a 2/3 partial hepatectomy was performed, when the animals were 40 days old. A second and third partial hepatectomy was carried out with a distance of three weeks between each operation. Meanwhile the animals were young adults. The rats of group two received a single 2/3 partial hepatectomy, when they were young adults. At the end of the third or single operation a continous infusion of3H-thymidine was started and the animals were sacrificed at different time intervals (0.5–20d). The rats with the three operations show labelled nuclei of liver epithelia in a direct contact with the central vene, whilst in the rats with the single hepatectomy a margin of unlabelled nuclei in the circumference of the central vene is noticeable. That means, in rats with the three operations only a very small number of liver epithelia migrates into the non growth fraction, most of the cells remain in the proliferating pool and retain their ability for further cell divisions. On the other hand, in the animals with a single partial hepatectomy unlabelled liver epithelia appear central acinar in a measurable quantity. In the periphery of the acinus nearly 100% of liver epithelia are labelled in the rats of both groups. Only extremely peripheral, (peri)-lamellar situated liver epithelia are unlabelled in a few cases. The mean grain density (= number of silver grains/μ2 over the plane of the nuclei) reaches higher values—especially in the center of the acinus—in the rats with the three operations in contrast to those with only one partial hepatectomy. Thus, one can assume that the liver epithelia of the proliferating pool after the three partial hepatectomies pass the S-phase several times during the postoperative time interval. Als Untersuchungsgut dienten mannliche, zu Versuchsbeginn 40 d alte Sprague Dawley Ratten. Die Tiere wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt. Die Ratten der ersten Gruppe wurden mit 40 d Lebensalter zum ersten Mal 2/3 und dann jeweils im Abstand von drei Wochen noch zweimal teilhepatektomiert. Die Ratten der zweiten Gruppe wurden zum Zeitpunkt der dritten Teilhepatektomie der 1. Gruppe zum ersten und einzigen Male 2/3-teilhepatektomiert. Unmittelbar nach der dritten bzw. einmaligen Teilhepatektomie wurde an don mzwischen eben ausgewachsenen Ratten eine kontinuierliche3H-Thymidin-Dauerinfusion durchgefuhrt (0,5-20d). Die Totung der Tiere erfolgte zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten. Es zeigte sich, das nur bei den dreimal teilhepatektomierten Tieren markierte Kerne von Leberepithelien in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der Zentralvene in Erscheinung treten. In den lediglich einmal operierten Tieren dieser Gruppe liegt ein Saum nicht markierter Leberepithelien in der Circumferenz der Zentralvene vor. Das heist, infolge der dreimaligen Operation munden weniger Leberepithelien in die „non growth fraction“ und verbleiben im „proliferating pool“, behalten also ihre Teilungsfahigkeit, wahrend die non growth fraction nach einmaliger Teilhepatektomie zentroacinar doch schon eine mesbare Grose aufweist. In der Lappchenperipherie ist bei den Ratten beider Gruppen eine quasi 100% ige Markierung registrierbar. Nur einzelne, extrem peripher, (peri)-lamellar gelegene Leberepithelien sind hin und wieder ungeschwarzt. Die Silberkorndichte (= Silberkornzahl/μ2 Kernflache) ist bei den dreimalig operierten Ratten—vor allem acinozentral— groser als bei den Tieren nach einmaliger Operation. Das last die Annahme zu, das Leberepithelien des proliferating pools im Verlauf der postoperativen Zeit nach der dritten Teilhepatektomie die S-Phase mehrfach durchlaufen.

Proliferation of epithelial cells in the jejunal crypts of adrenalectomized and adrenocortical hormone treated rats.

Abstract: Jejunal crypt cell cycle times and mitotic times were measured in intact and in adrenalectomized rats, both in the presence and in the absence of exogenous adrenocorticoid agent. Adrenalectomy caused a deceleration in crypt cell proliferation which was only partly reversible by the administration of an adrenocorticoid hormone. In intact animals, however, the adrenocorticoid hormone caused an acceleration in crypt cell proliferation.

Fine structure and silver-staining patterns of lysosome-like bodies in absorptive cells of the small intestine in normal children and children with a lysosomal storage disease.

Abstract: The absorptive cells of the small intestine in normal children and children with a lysosomal storage disease were investigated with special attention to the fine structure and silver-staining pattern of lysosome-like bodies and related cell organelles.

Microbody (peroxisome) matrix: transformation into tubular structures.

Abstract: Following CPIB treatment one or more double-walled tubular structures, measuring 110 μ in diameter, were observed in the hepatic microbody profiles in hypophysectomized rats, as well in rats bearing liver tumors. These tubules appeared as straight rigid rods of considerable length and were oriented irregularly within the microbody profiles. Examination of several microbody profiles containing these tubules suggests that these structures may be formed as a result of transformation of microbody matrix protein(s). Varying degrees of electron lucency of microbody matrix and the size and shape of the channels containing these straight tubules are considered as further evidence to indicate that microbody proteins circulate within the endoplasmic reticulum channels.

An electron microscope study of the delayed effects on rabbit spermateleosis following experimental cryptorchidism for twenty-four hours.

Abstract: The delayed effects on rabbit spermateleosis following experimental cryptorchidism for twenty-four hours were studied with the electron microscope in material taken at intervals from two to thirty-five days after the exposure. The alterations among the spermatids were maximal between twelve and twenty-five days after the exposure. After thirtyfive days there was an almost complete recovery. The results indicate that spermatogonia were not affected and that the spermatocytes were the most heat susceptible germ cell type. Reconstructions are presented, describing the altered spermateleosis following exposure at four specific “critical periods” of spermatogenesis.

Autoradiographische Untersuchung über die Proliferation der Hepatocyten bei der Regeneration der CCl4-Leber der Maus

Abstract: Liver regeneration after carbon tetrachloride intoxication was studied autoradiographically in mice. Centrolobular liver necrosis comprising 50 percent of total liver volume was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml/kg CCl4. After pulse labelling with3H-thymidine the first labelled nuclei appear in the periportal zone after 24–36 hrs. The labelling index reaches a maximum between 48 and 60 hrs with labelled nuclei distributed throughout the undamaged parenchyma. From then on both the labelling index and the mitotic index continuously decrease until regeneration is completed 10 days after CCl4 intoxication. Multiple injections of3H-thymidine in 4 hr intervals lead to a 100 percent labelling of hepatocytes at 60 hrs, demonstrating that every liver cell has passed through an S phase at least once. It further shows that the total number of S phases during liver regeneration is more than 100 percent when related to the number of nuclei in the CCl4- undamaged parenchyma. Integration of the curves of the labelling index and mitotic index leads to even higher values. A comparison with the histometrically determined number of nuclei newly formed during regeneration shows that most of the DNA synthesis in regenerating CC14 liver leads to the formation of nuclei with higher ploidy by passage through S phase and incomplete mitosis. The greater part of the parenchymal regeneration after CCl4 necrosis is due to mitotic polyploidization and hypertrophy of preexisting cells. S (= 6.9 hrs) and G2 (= 5.0 hrs) were measured by the percent labelled mitoses method. A mitotic time of 1.2 hrs was determined by the colchicine method. These values are valid for liver cells of all ploidy stages (2c–16c) regardless of whether their S phase leads to polyploidization or complete mitotic division.

Experimental Listeria cystitis. II. Further evidence of the epithelial phase in experimental Listeria infection. An electron microscopic study.

Abstract: Electron microscopic studies of cystitis produced by instillation of Listeria monocytogenes into the urinary bladder of guinea pigs were carried out in order to investigate the epithelial phase of the infection. While bacteria lying free in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells showed no sign of damage and were able to multiply there, part of those in phagosomes of epithelial cells were killed. During the course of the infection the number of lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, Golgi complexes, and endoplasmic reticulum were increased in the bacteria-containing cells (epithelial activation). It is suggested that a variable epithelial phase is a characteristic feature of infections caused by intracellular parasitic bacteria when the port of the entry of the bacteria is an epithelial barrier.

Teratocarcinoma with the capacity for differentiation restricted to neuro-ectodermal tissue.

Abstract: A retransplantable murine teratocarcinoma with its capacity for differentiation restricted to neuro-ectodermal derivatives was studied biochemically, histochemically and by means of electron microscopy in order to assess the nature of the stem cells and the somatic tissue that form the tumor It was found that the stem cells of this monophyletic teratocarcinoma appear ultrastructurally immature and undifferentiated and thus do not differ from the stem cells of an ordinary polymorphous teratocarcinoma ie embryonal carcinoma cells These cells give rise to somewhat more differentiated cells corresponding to the cells of the neural tube First signs of differentiation are the appearance of tight junctions on the cell membrane and cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent cells through the interruptions on the cell membrane, together with the appearance of cytoplasmic microtubules The primitive neurogenic cells form rosette like structures but no basement membrane delimits them from the most undifferentiated stem cells on one and the more differentiated neural and glial cells on the other side Injected intraperitoneally the stem cells of the neurogenic teratocarcinoma do not form embryoid bodies The neural and glial tissue formed in the tumor is composed predominantly of immature and incompletely differentiated cells, although mature neural and glial cells as well as intermediate cells of varying maturity could also be identified The level of tissue organization is rather primitive despite the fact that tight glio-neural and gliovascular connections are formed and synapses and myelinized axons are seen in the tumor The 100000 g supernatant from the tumor contains the acidic fast migrating protein bands characteristic for the brain, and although not all the protein bands of an adult mouse brain extract could be demonstrated in the tumor, there is a remarkable similarity between the two tissues examined electrophoretically It was concluded that the neuro-ectodermal tissue formed from the malignant stem cells does not differ basically from normal maturing neural tissue, although it never attains the complex architectural organization of a normal brain

Histochemical and ultrastructural investigation on the endocrine cells of the stomach in hypersecreting (pylorus-ligated) rats

Abstract: To get new information on the patho-physiology of the endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa and to investigate their role in the gastric secretion, an histochemical and electronmicroscopical investigation has been undertaken during experimental acute gastric hypersecretion induced in rats by pyloric ligation (Shay rats). Of the various types of endocrine cells, the ECL (entero-chromaffine-like) cells of the fundic mucosa showed ultrastructural evidences of marked activity (partial degranulation, formation of pro-granules, increase in ribosomes and enlargement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum). By histochemical techniques, cells interpreted as ECL cells showed a progressive decrease in argyrophilia, dopamine storage after L-DOPA administration, and histamine content. Other cell types, such as the A-like and EC cells were apparently unaffected. The antral G cells appeared, in the electron microscope, to be fully granulated and therefore probably inactive. It is concluded that, during hypersecretion in pylorus-ligated rats: Since the gastric hypersecretion in Shay rats is believed to be due to a vagal reflex, it can be suggested that the ECL cells, probably under a vagal control, play a role in the gastric secretion.

A light microscope study of the immediate and delayed effects on rabbit spermatogenesis following experimental cryptorchidism for twenty-four hours.

Abstract: The effects on rabbit spermatogenesis of experimental cryptorchidism for twenty-four hours were studied with the light microscope in material taken immediately, or at intervals from two to thirty-five days after the exposure Up to twelve days after the exposure there were marked losses among the primary spermatocytes Alterations among the spermatids were found two to twenty-five days after the exposure The results indicate that in the rabbit spermatogonia are not affected by experimental cryptorchidism for twenty-four hours and that the primary spermatocytes are the most heat susceptible germ cell type The spermatocytes were affected in different ways Some degenerated immediately while others continued to develop until they approached certain “ critical periods”: around mid-pachytene, around the two maturation divisions, and in most stages of spermateleosis Multinucleate spermatids were common, but the occurrence of such cells seems to be a non-specific reaction since they have been reported under various experimental conditions It is obvious that such minor changes in the spermatids as were observed in earlier ultrastructural studies cannot be visualized by conventional histological methods

Ultrastructure of the proximal convoluted tubules during repair following hormonally induced necrosis in rat kidney.

Abstract: The proximal convoluted tubules of rats were examined electron microscopically at various intervals (1, 2 and 3 days, 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks) after focal cortical necrosis was induced by a single injection of posterior pituitary extract after pretreatment with oestrogen for 10 days. Epithelial regeneration seemed to originate within the zone of necrosis from low residual cells having a simple structure. Th3se dedifferentiated by 24 hours, resulting in cells of embryonic nature that were very rich in ribosomes but had almost no other organelles. Most organelles appeared generally on the 3rd day. Relining of the tubules and later gradual maturation of these cells often led to complete reestablishment of cellular ultrastructure in 6 weeks. At the same time parts of the tubules remained lined by an epithelium of incomplete maturation. The lack of adequate regeneration and the grade of the basement membrane damage roughly parallelled each other. Thus it is assumed, that severe damage of the basement membrane inhibits adequate regeneration, although the reverse effect cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless, a poor regeneration resulting in a conduction tube with presumably limited other functions seems to be possible even when injury of the basement membrane is severe, provided that no disruption has occured.

IgM-producing malignant lymphomas without macroglobulinemia. Morphological and immunochemical findings.

Abstract: Two malignant lymphomas were investigated. They were light microscopically characterized by a large number of PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions. Electron microscopically these inclusions were represented by electron-dense condensates lying in distended cisternae of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum. Immunochemical analyses revealed a high increase of IgM in the tumor tissue homogenates, but no macroglobulinemia in the sera. This indicates that the tumor cells produced but could not secrete IgM and that the cytoplasmic inclusions represented accumulated IgM.

Undifferentiated mononuclear cell in human embryonic liver; presumptive hematopoietic stem cell.

Abstract: An electron microscopic investigation of human embryonic liver revealed the existence of undifferentiated mononuclear cells in the earliest stages of hepatic hematopoiesis They were too immature to be classified as precursors of various hematopoietic series and were considered presumptively as hematopoietic stem cells These cells were found exclusively in the intercellular spaces of hepatocytes and were thought to be derived from septum transversum

Visualization of human glomerular changes by scanning electron microscopy.

Abstract: The glomeruli of a normal and a hydronephrotic kidney were studied in scanning electron microscopy. In the glomeruli of the normal kidney the interdigitating terminal processes of the podocytes were clearly seen and they seemed to originate from different cells. The glomeruli of the hydronephrotic kidney were often surrounded by an enlarged Bowman’s space but their overall structure was preserved. The podocytes were, however, irregularly thickened and the terminal processes had disappeared with the swelling of the major cytoplasmic processes.

Fine structural changes of allergic aspermatogenesis in the guinea pig. I. The similarity in the initial changes induced by passive transfer of anti-testis serum and by immunization with testicular tissue.

Abstract: Allergic aspermatogenesis was induced in the guinea pig either by passive transfer of homologous anti-testis antibodies or by active immunization with homologous testicular homogenate in Freund’s complete adjuvant, and examined by immunofluorescence, light, and electron microscopy. By the injection of the antiserum, the antibodies are localized in the acrosome within 24 hrs. Histological preparations show that the maturing spermatids are decreased in number in the seminiferous tubule without cell infiltration. The initial manifestation of the changes is shown by an irregularly shaped acrosome, followed by the degeneration of the tail filament complex in the Sertoli cell. In the animals actively immunized with the testicular tissue, the antibodies are found in the acrosome by immunofluorescence microscopy. The spermatid shows the transformed acrosome in the early stage, e.g., 7 days after the immunization, and almost all spermatogenic cells disappear with focal cell infiltration in the interstitium after more than 2 weeks of immunization. Only the Sertoli cells remain in the tubule. However, a mononuclear cell in the tubule was observed occasionally. It is concluded that initial changes induced by a passive transfer of the antiserum and by an active immunization with the testicular tissue are quite similar.

Nephritogenic properties of nephrotoxic guinea pig antibodies

Abstract: Guinea pig IgG1 and IgG2 were separated from guinea pig antisera against rat kidney using DEAE column chromatography with gradient elution. In vitro system, nephrotoxic IgG1 antibody did not fix rat complement with rat kidney sediments, but did IgG2. Nephrotoxic IgG1 or IgG2 was intravenously injected into rats respectively. Glomerulonephritis characterized by an immediate massive proteinuria was initiated by nephrotoxic IgG1 antibody. Marked intraluminal fibrin formation and phagocytic accumulation of small numbers of neutrophiles and monocytes were observed in the glomeruli. Rat β1c globulin was only weakly seen along glomerular basement membrane of the biopsy specimens early in the development of nephritis. On the other hand, rats given a comparable dose of nephrotoxic IgG2 antibody did not develop a significant proteinuria and glomerular changes despite localization of IgG2 and rat β1c in the glomeruli. These observations suggest that non-complement mediated glomerular injury is present at least in the initial phase of Masugi nephritis.