Showing papers in "viXra in 2008"

Discrete multivariate distributions

Abstract: This article brings in two new discrete distributions: multivariate Binomial distribution and multivariate Poisson distribution. Those distributions were created in eventology as more correct generalizations of Binomial and Poisson distributions. Accordingly to eventology new laws take into account full distribution of events. Also, some properties and characteristics of these new multivariate discrete distributions are described.

Smarandache Curves in Minkowski Space-time

Abstract: A regular curve in Minkowski space-time, whose position vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors on another regular curve, is called a Smarandache Curve. In this paper, we define a special case of such curves and call it Smarandache TB2 Curves in the space E 4. Moreover, we compute formulas of its Frenet apparatus according to base curve via the method expressed in (3). By this way, we obtain an another orthonormal frame of E 4.

Dynamical 3-Space: A Review

Abstract: For some 100 years physics has modelled space and time via the space- time concept, with space being merely an observer dependent perspective effect of that spacetime - space itself had no observer independent exis- tence - it had no ontological status, and it certainly had no dynamical description. In recent years this has all changed. In 2002 it was discov- ered that a dynamical 3-space had been detected many times, including the Michelson-Morley 1887 light-speed anisotropy experiment. Here we review the dynamics of this 3-space, tracing its evolution from that of an emergent phenomena in the information-theoretic Process Physics to the phenomenological description in terms of a velocity field describing the relative internal motion of the structured 3-space. The new physics of the dynamical 3-space is extensively tested against experimental and astronomical observations, including the necessary generalisation of the Maxwell, Schrodinger and Dirac equations, leading to a derivation and explanation of gravity as a refraction effect of the quantum matter waves. Phenomena now explainable include the bore hole anomaly, the system- atics of black hole masses, the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies, gravitational light bending and lensing, and the supernova and Gamma- Ray Bursts magnitude-redshift data, for the dynamical 3-space possesses a Hubble expanding 3-space solution. Most importantly none of these phenomena now require dark matter nor dark energy. The flat and curved spacetime formalism is derived from the new physics, so explain- ing the apparent many successes of those formalisms, but which have now proven to be ontologically and experimentally flawed.

Quantum Hall Effect and Hierarchy of Planck Constants

Abstract: I have already earlier proposed the explanation of FQHE, anyons, and fractionization of quantum numbers in terms of hierarchy of Planck constants realized as a generalization of the imbedding space H = M4 x CP2 to a book like structure. The book like structure applies separately to CP2 and to causal diamonds (CD ⊂ M4) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones. The pages of the Big Book correspond to singular coverings and factor spaces of CD (CP2) glued along 2-D subspace of CD (CP2) and are labeled by the values of Planck constants assignable to CD and CP2 and appearing in Lie algebra commutation relations. The observed Planck constant h, whose square defines the scale of M4 metric corresponds to the ratio of these Planck constants. The key observation is that fractional filling factor results if h is scaled up by a rational number. In this chapter I try to formulate more precisely this idea. The outcome is a rather detailed view about anyons on one hand, and about the Kahler structure of the generalized imbedding space on the other hand.

Chemical Constituents of the Different Anatomical Parts of the Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) for Their Sustainable Utilization

Abstract: As the worldwide production of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is increasing, concomitant wastes of unutilized parts of the oil palm are also increasing. Thus, effective utilization of these wastes is expected. In this paper, therefore, the chemical composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other minor cell wall components was studied for six different anatomical parts of the oil palm such as trunk, frond, mesocarp, endocarp (shell), kernel cake and empty fruit bunch (EFB). As a result, it was shown that cellulose is in a range between 20-40wt% with hemicellulose being 10-35wt%, whereas lignin in a range between 23-52wt%. More in detail, the shell contained the highest lignin about 52wt% but the kernel cake no lignin, while the rest in a range between 23-35wt%, being composed of guaiacyl and syringyl moieties without p-hydroxyphenyl propane residue. This is very similar to the hardwood-type lignin, rather than softwood-type lignin. On hemicellulose, mannan was rich in kernel cake, while glucuronoxylan rich in the other parts, with 1.8-8.5 xyloses per one uronic acid. Consequently, oil palm is not a good material for ethanol fermentation by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) because of high pentosan and low hexosan contents. As a minor component, inorganic constituents were also studied from the ash by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA). As a result, K, Si, Na, Ca, S, P and Mg were found as elements in all parts of the oil palm studied. Particularly, Si and K were abundant in the trunk, shell, mesocarp and kernel cake, while the frond and kernel cake contained, respectively, K, Ca and P in a large quantity. The elements of Cl, Fe and Al were, however, detected only in some parts. These elements found are important and prerequisite for the healthy growth of the oil palm. Therefore, it may be concluded that, upon the whole utilization of the oil palm, inorganic constituents found in this study must be returned to the plantation site. These lines of information are useful for the efficient utilization of the whole parts of the oil palm which is necessary for the sustainable development of the biomass resources.

A Model for Protein Folding and Bio-catalysis

Abstract: The model for the evolution of genetic code leads to the idea that the folding of proteins obeys a folding code inherited from the genetic code. After some trials one ends up with a general conceptualization of the situation with the identi cation of wormhole magnetic ux tubes as correlates of attention at molecular level so that a direct connection with TGD inspired theory of consciousness emerges at quantitative level. This allows a far reaching generalization of the DNA as topological quantum computer paradigm and makes it much more detailed. By their asymmetric character hydrogen bonds are excellent candidates for magnetic ux tubes serving as correlates of attention at molecular level.

TGD Inspired Quantum Model of Living Matter

Abstract: Basic ideas of TGD inspired view about quantum biology are discussed. TGD inspired theory of consciousness provides the basic conceptual framework besides new view about spacetime and quantum theory, in particular dark matter hierarchy whose levels are labelled by the increasing value of Planck constant so that macroscopic quantum systems are predicted to be present in all length scales. This gives a justi cation for the notion of eld body having onionlike fractal structure with astrophysical size and using biological body as a sensory receptor and motor instrument. Great evolutionary leaps correspond naturally to the increases of Planck constant for the highest level in "personal" hierarchy of Planck constants implying a scaling up of time scales of long term memory and planned action. The notion of magnetic body leads to a generalization of the notion genome: one can assign coherently expressed super genome to single organ and hyper genome to an entire population. Important experimental input comes from high Tc superconductivity, from the strange ndings related to cell membrane, and from the e ects of ELF em elds on vertebrate brain. The model for EEG based on "dark" photons predicts correctly its band structure and also narrow resonances in theta and beta bands in terms of cyclotron resonance frequencies of biologically important ions.

The Simplest Proofs of Both Arbitrarily Long Arithmetic Progressions of Primes

Abstract: Using Jiang functions 2 ( ) J ω , 3 ( ) J ω and 4 ( ) J ω we prove both arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions of primes: (1) 1 1 , n i P P di + = + 1 ( , ) 1 P d = , 1, 2, , 1, 1 i k n = − ≥ L , which have the same Jiang function; (2) 1 1 , 1, 2, , n i g P P i i ω + = + = L 1, k − 1 n ≥ , 2 g g P P P ω ≤ ≤ = Π and generalized arithmetic progressions of primes i g P P iω = + and , n k i g P P iω + = + 1, , , 2 i k n = ≥ L . The Green-Tao theorem is false, because they do not prove the twin primes theorem and arithmetic progressions of primes [3].

The pioneer effect: a new physics with a new principle

Abstract: Radio metric data from the Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft indicated an anomalous, constant acceleration acting on them, directed toward the Sun, and a gradual growth of the radio signal frequency emitted by the receding transmitter. The reported odd acceleration of Pioneer 10 with a magnitude ~8.5 x 10-10 m/s2 can be explained by an induced gravitational interaction on the S-band signals traveling between the probe and the Earth, arising from the electromagnetic properties of the outer Solar System vacuum zero-point radiation interacting with matter. Their nature is of quantum vacuum origin, and these induced forces act in addition to ordinary gravitational forces, violating the principle of Equivalence. We suggest a new physical theory based on a new principle called Compensation as a thinkable explanation for the non-conventional Pioneer effect. The theory of Relation, which is an alternative to the inflationist model, postulates that our Universe is made of two antagonistic but complementary structures. The principle of Compensation contradicts Relativity theory, predicts such acceleration and is for the electromagnetic spacetime metric what the principle of Equivalence is for the gravific spacetime metric.

Mass, Momentum and Energy of Gravitational Field

Abstract: The energy of the gravitational field and the mass related to it are calculated. The momentum of the gravitational field of a moving body and the appropriate mass of the field are determined. Comparison of the given masses shows their difference. The reasons of violation of relativity and equivalence principles are discussed.

Kaluza-Klein-Carmeli Metric from Quaternion-Clifford Space, Lorentz' Force, and Some Observables

Abstract: It was known for quite long time that a quaternion space can be generalized to a Clifford space, and vice versa; but how to find its neat link with more convenient metric form in the General Relativity theory, has not been explored extensively. We begin with a representation of group with non-zero quaternions to derive closed FLRW metric [1], and from there obtains Carmeli metric, which can be extended further to become 5D and 6D metric (which we propose to call Kaluza-Klein-Carmeli metric). Thereafter we discuss some plausible implications of this metric, beyond describing a galaxy's spiraling motion and redshift data as these have been done by Carmeli and Hartnett [4, 5, 6]. In subsequent section we explain Podkletnov's rotating disc experiment. We also note possible implications to quantum gravity. Further observations are of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

The Common Physical Origin of the Gravitational, Strong and Weak Forces

Abstract: Particles moving within the flux of micro-quanta filling the space have been shown to obey the Relativistic Mechanics and to undergo a gravitational �pushing� force with G depending locally on the quantum flux constants. Due to the very little quantum energy Eo , the ratio Eo/mc2 equals about 10-50 so the collisions with particles follow the optical reflection accurately. The simultaneous micro-quanta hitting upon a nucleon are about 1050, a high number due to the small wavelength which results close to Planck�s length. Along the joining line between two particles there is a lack of incident quanta (missing beam) which determines unbalanced collisions generating drawing forces between particles by mutual screening. These forces increment the particle energy, as shown for instance by the heating during the gravitational contraction of the galactic gas globules leading to protostars. This mechanism allows to predict that observations of the thermal emission from major solar planets may exceed the power received from solar light. When two particles are very close, the mutual screening highly increments the missing beam, giving rise to a short-range strong force which is of the right strength to hold protons and neutrons within the atomic nuclei. The belief that nuclear forces are �self-produced� by nucleons is disproved. Proof is given for the structure of the simple Deuterium nucleus. The same process originates also a short-range �weak� force on the electron closely orbiting a proton, giving rise to the neutron structure which undergoes β- decay. The mutual strong forces on a nucleon pair are equal, but the weak force on the bound electron differs largely from the force on the proton (breakdown of Newton�s action and reaction symmetry).

A generalization of the Smarandache function

Abstract: This function is a generalization of the famous Smarandache function S(n). The main purpose of this paper is using the elementary and analytic methods to study the mean value properties of P(n), and give two interesting mean value formulas for it.

Chinese Neutrosophy and Taoist Natural Philosophy

Abstract: While Taoism is based on the union of opposites, Neutrosophy considers the union of opposites and the neutralities in between them. We thought that Neutrosophy and traditional Chinese Dialectics may be combined, and establish the Chinese Neutrosophy concept, with its premise about the existence of the universal absolute main body, whose existence may be theoretically proven through the establishment of Taoist Natural Philosophy.

Simple Path Covers in Graphs

Abstract: A simple path cover of a graph G is a collection of paths in G such that every edge of G is in exactly one path in and any two paths in have at most one vertex in common. More generally, for any integer k ≥ 1, a Smarandache path k-cover of a graph G is a collection of paths in G such that each edge of G is in at least one path of and two paths of have at most k vertices in common. Thus if k = 1 and every edge of G is in exactly one path in , then a Smarandache path k-cover of G is a simple path cover of G. The minimum cardinality of a simple path cover of G is called the simple path covering number of G and is denoted bys(G). In this paper we initiate a study of this parameter.

Non-Unitary Evolution in High Energy Physics: a Brief Overview

Abstract: Unitarity and locality are fundamental postulates of Quantum Field Theory (QFT). By construction, QFT is a replica of equilibrium thermodynamics, where evolution settles down to a steady state after all transients have vanished. Events unfolding in the TeV sector of particle physics are prone to slide outside equilibrium under the combined action of new fields and un-suppressed quantum corrections. In this region, the likely occurrence of critical behavior and the approach to scale invariance blur the distinction between "locality" and 2non-locality". We argue that a correct description of this far-from-equilibrium setting cannot be done outside nonlinear dynamics and complexity theory.

A Derivation of the Speed of Light Postulate

Abstract: updated version of original submission to 1st FQXi essay contest which corrects some minor oversights in original article

The Arata Demonstration: A Review Summary

Abstract: On May 22, a special announcement/presentation was held at Osaka University by Prof. Yoshiaki Arata in the presence of colleagues, guests, and press. The announcement of new results took place in Arata Hall, a campus building named for Prof. Arata, and a demonstration took place in the Arata-Zhang laboratory room in a nearby research building. A research paper describing recent results was made available in Japanese and English versions. The English version has just been published in the J. High Temp. Soc. Jpn. 1 The big event seems to have been disclosure of a new deuteriumfueled cold fusion reactor using no electrical power. The reactor contains pressurized D 2 gas and releases a steady flow of heat to its surroundings. It is hard to explain the observed heat flow without accepting the reality of cold fusion. This review is based on the new results as interpreted in terms of previous papers by the Arata and Zhang (A-Z) collaboration. To understand the significance of the new A-Z work it is helpful to review a few aspects of Arata’s professional career, and of the A-Z collaboration. I’m writing from memory and not as a historian. Arata was a young scientist starting his career after World War II. His interest was in thermonuclear fusion and in the engineering of very high temperature plasma devices to release nuclear energy. At the time there was no deuterium gas available in Japan, but there was heavy water D 2 O. He built his own electrochemical deuterium production cell in which D 2 O was electrolyzed onto a Pd separator-wall cathode producing pure deuterium on its gas-collecting side. He used the very high purity deuterium gas product in high current density plasma devices in which condenser bank discharges created conditions approaching plasma fusion temperatures. One experiment used a palladium bottle with walls packed with fine Pd crystals, seeking high temperature “solid fusion” conditions. For a period of time his arc discharges held a world record. Later he developed a program for electron

On some pseudo Smarandache function related triangles

Abstract: Two triangles T(a;b;c) and T(a 0 ;b 0 ;c 0 ) are said to be pseudo Smarandache related if Z(a) = Z(a 0 );Z(b) = Z(b 0 );Z(c) = Z(c 0 ); where Z(:) is the pseudo Smarandache function, and T(a;b;c) denotes the triangle with sides a;b and c. This paper proves the existence of an inflnite family of pairs of dissimilar Pythagorean triangles that are pseudo Smarandache

A Manifest Failure of Grassmann's Force

Abstract: The growing interest in a thorough revision of the tenets of classical electrodynamics [1,2] compels us to reconsider the torque-production mechanism presently applied to homopolar machines founded � indistinctively � on Ampere or Grassmann�s basis. Recent crucial experimentation [1] definitively rules out the latter rationale for its physical inconsistency.

Basics of Deuteron-Cluster Dynamics by Langevin Equation

Abstract: This paper gives the follow-up study on the basics for our previous papers, Study on 4D/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate Condensation Motion by Non-Linear Langevin Equation, Symposium 998-Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Source Book, ACS, published on August 2008 from Oxford University Press. Pertaining to the quantum mechanics, the basics of new approach using the stochastic differential equation (Langevin equation) is written for quantifying dynamic motion of known molecules as D2+, D2 and D3+ as well as D-atom state. The role of the Platonic symmetry in these known molecules are discussed for deducing simple one-dimensional (Rdd dependent; here Rdd is distance between nearest d-d pair) Langevin equation and making quantum-mechanical ensemble averaging to obtain equation for expectation value. The methodology is applied for more complicated D-clusters as 4D/TSC and 6D/OSC which would keep the Platonic symmetry, by introducing the force fluctuation deviating from the ideal Platonic symmetry. Time-dependent TSC and OSC trapping potentials which take balance to getting back to the Platonic symmetry from the distorted states were defined and used for numerical solution of Langevin equation. Finally, time-dependent fusion rate formula for simultaneous 4D interaction was obtained based on the Fermi's golden rule and one-pion exchange potential of strong interaction. The 4D fusion is regarded to cause radiation-less excess heat and 4He ash in metal-deuterium systems under dynamic conditions

Torsion Fields, Brownian Motions, Quantum and Hadronic Mechanics

Abstract: We review the relation between space-time geometries with torsion fields (the so-called Riemann-Cartan-Weyl (RCW) geometries) and their associated Brownian motions. In this setting, the metric conjugate of the tracetorsion one-form is the drift vector field of the Brownian motions. Thus, in the present approach space-time fluctuations as Brownian motions are -in distinction with Nelson�s Stochastic Mechanics- space-time structures. Thus, space and time have a fractal structure. We discuss the relations with Nottale�s theory of Scale Relativity, which stems from Nelson�s approach. We characterize the Schroedinger equation in terms of the RCW geometries and Brownian motions. In this work, the Schroedinger field is a torsion generating field. The potential functions on Schroedinger equations can be alternatively linear or nonlinear on the wave function, leading to nonlinear and linear creation-annihilation of particles by diffusion systems.

Characterizations of Some Special Space-like Curves in Minkowski Space-time

Abstract: In this work, a system of differential equation on Minkowski space-time E41, a special case of Smarandache geometries ([4]), whose solution gives the components of a space-like curve on Frenet axis is constructed by means of Frenet equations. In view of some special solutions of this system, characterizations of some special space-like curves are presented.

Entropy：A Concept that is not a Physical Quantity

Abstract: This study has demonstrated that entropy is not a physical quantity, that is, the physical quantity called entropy does not exist. If the efficiency of heat engine is defined as η = W/W1, and the reversible cycle is considered to be the Stirling cycle, then, given ∮dQ/T = 0, we can prove ∮dW/T = 0 and ∮d/T = 0. If ∮dQ/T = 0, ∮dW/T = 0 and ∮dE/T = 0 are thought to define new system state variables, such definitions would be absurd. The fundamental error of entropy is that in any reversible process, the polytropic process function Q is not a single-valued function of T, and the key step of Σ[(ΔQ)/T)] to ∫dQ/T doesn’t hold.P-V fig. should be P-V-T fig. Similarly, ∮dQ/T = 0, ∮dW/T = 0 and ∮dE/T = 0 do not hold, either. Since the absolute entropy of Boltzmann is used to explain Clausius entropy and the unit (J/K) of the former is transformed from the latter, the non-existence of Clausius entropy simultaneously denies Boltzmann entropy.

Did Ulysses Travel to Atlantis

Abstract: Good fiction imitates facts. Plato declared that his Atlantis tale is philosophical fiction invented to describe his fictitious ideal state in the case of war. I suggest that Plato used three historical elements for this tale. (i) Greek tradition on Mycenaean Athens for the description of ancient Athens, (ii) Egyptian records on the wars of the Sea Peoples for the description of the war of the Atlanteans, and (iii) oral tradition from Syracuse about Tartessos for the description of the city and geography of Atlantis.

What Gravity Is. Some Recent Considerations

Abstract: It is well-known, that when it comes to discussions among physicists concerning the meaning and nature of gravitation, the room temperature can be so hot. Therefore, for the sake of clarity, it seems worth that all choices were put on a table, and we consider each choice’s features and problems. The present article describes a nonexhaustive list of such gravitation theories for the purpose of inviting further and more clear discussions.

On an equation involving the Smarandache reciprocal function and its positive integer solutions

Abstract: For any positive integer n, the Smarandache reciprocal function Sc(n) is deflned as Sc(n) = maxfm : y j n! for all 1 • ym; and m + 1 y n!g. That is, Sc(n) is the largest positive integer m such that y j n! for all integers 1 • ym. The main purpose of this paper is using the elementary method and the Vinogradov's important work to prove the following conclusion: For any positive integer k ‚ 3, there exist inflnite group positive integers (m1; m2; ¢¢¢ ; mk) such that the equation Sc(m1 + m2 + ¢¢¢ + mk) = Sc(m1) + Sc(m2) + ¢¢¢ + Sc(mk):

Helmholtz’s decomposition theorem, etc

Abstract: The fact is used that electromagnetic fields are covariant (antisymmetric) tensors or contravariant (antisymmetric) tensor densities, which are mutual conjugated. The conjugation allows many-fold specific differentiation of the fields and leads to field chains. An integral operation, named the generation, is considered, which is reverse to the specific differentiation. The double generation yields zero as well as the double differentiation. The Helmholtz decomposition is compared with the Poincare decomposition, and many ways of the Helmholtz decomposition are presented. Laplace operator and the inverse Laplace operator are expressed in terms of the differential and integral operations. All results are illustrated by simple examples.