A Psychometric Study of Senility
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...• Reversing items [29] • Related tests – Say the months in reverse order [29,32] – Naming of animals in 1 min [29] – TRAILS A,B [93] – count backward from 20 to 1 [32,33] – Days of week backwards, in addition to 7’s [162]...
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...• Prior recommendations to assess orientation to place: – Name and location of place [29] – Location [164] – “Where are we now”, “where is this place” [31] – Name of this place, address [162] – Type of place, name of hospital, ward, town [33] – Community, street [163]...
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...Three Shapes [174] • General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition [114] • Six-item Screener [175] • Efficient Office-Based Assessment of Cognition [176] • Mini-Cog [177] • Rapid Dementia Screening Test [178] • Brief Alzheimer Screen [27] • Short Cognitive Evaluation Battery [71] • AB Cognitive Screen [179] • Q and E [73] • Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen [83] • Blessed Memory Test/Category Fluency [180] • Ten-item free recall with serial position effect analysis [181] (B) Brief screening questionnaires for knowledgeable informants and inventories of activities of daily living • Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale [182] • Blessed Dementia Scale [32] • Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADLs; note: basic ADLs assess greater impairment) [183] • Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly – Behavior Rating Scale [170] • Functional Activities Questionnaire [184] • Geriatric Evaluation by Relatives Rating Instrument [185] • Record of Independent Living [186] • Informant Completed ADLs [186] • Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline (IQ-CODE) [187] • Direct Assessment of Functional Status [58] • Alzheimer’s Deficit Scale [188] • Interview for Deterioration in Daily Life in Dementia [189] • Nurses’ Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients [190] • Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale [191] • IADL/BADL [48] • Cognitive Performance Test [192] • DECO [193,194] • Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study/ADLs [195] • MDS Cognitive Performance Scale [196] • Groningen Activity Restriction Scale [197] • Cognitive Assessment Screening Test [198] • Direct Assessment of Cognitive Abilities [57] • Disability Assessment Scale for Dementia [199] • Symptoms of Dementia Screener [200] • Observation List for early signs of Dementia [201] • General Practitioner’s Assessment of Cognition Informant Interview [114] • Sunnybrook & Women’s six-item test (304) • Financial Capacity Instrument [202] • Alzheimer’s Disease Caregiver Questionnaire [203] • ADLs Questionnaire [204] • AD8 [205] • Patient-reported outcomes in cognitive impairment [206] 9www.futuremedicine.com 10 Au tho r P ro of (C) Global impression scales • Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) [111,112]: – CDR-sum of boxes [207] – CDR-extended [48] • Global Deterioration Scale [110] • Brief Cognitive Rating Scale [113] • Functional Assessment Test [208] • Alzheimer’s Staging Scale [188] • Confusion Assessment Method [209] (D) Global synthesis/combining cognitive testing and informant report • Global Clinical Scale [48] • Milan Overall Dementia Assessment [210] • IQCODE and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [211] • IQCODE and 3MS [60] (E) Telephone screening tests • Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status [212] • Telephone-assessed Mental State [213] • TELE [214,215] • Minnesota Cognitive Acuity Screen [216] • Interactive-Voice Recognition Dementia Screen [217] • Memory Impairment Screen – telephone version [218] • MMSE – telephone version [219] • Telephone Brief Screen for Cognitive Impairment [220] • Indiana University Telephone-Based Assessment of Neuropsychological Status [221] (F) Other cognitive testing modalities • Web-Based and Computer-Based Screening Tools: • Cognitive Stability Index [158] • Neurotrax (a cognitive battery) [222] • Computer-Administered Neuropsychological Screen for Mild Cognitive Impairment (a cognitive battery) [160] • Memtrax (a 2-min memory screen useable on the internet) [161] (G) Nonspecific brief cognitive tests (useful component tests that are not appropriate for use as stand-alone exams) • Temporal Orientation [29,223] • Category Fluency (e.g., animal naming in 1 min) [29,224]: – Variant: the Set Test [225] – Category and Letter Fluency [68,74] • Clock Drawing Task [226,227] • Trail Making Tests A and B [93] • Mental Alternation Test [228] • Time & Change Test [229,230] • WORLD test [231] • Visual Association Test [86] (H) Secondary, longer screening tests & cognitive/memory assesments for those positive on preliminary tests, or if there is a concern for detecting or measuring dementia • Mattis Dementia Rating Scale [34,35,100] • Cognitive Capacity Screening Exam [232] • Extended Scale for Dementia – from Mattis [233,234,104] • Modified MMSE [50,235,236] • Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – cognitive subscale [237] • Cognitive section of CAMDEX [238] • Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (renamed Cognistat in 1995)[239] • High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen [240] • Halifax Mental Status Scale [241,242] • MMS-extended [48] • Ottawa Mental Status Exam [243] Box 4....
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...Halstead summarized the literature prior to 1943 to develop his test, “In all, nearly 80 short tests or items were tried before the present scale took shape” [29]....
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...Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P et al.: Validation of a short Orientation–Memory– Concentration Test of cognitive impairment....
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