Journal ArticleDOI
A Regulatory Analysis
TLDR
The information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals interested in future air quality control programs aimed at areas that are attaining one or more air quality ambient standards, as defined in Section 116 of the Clean Air Act, as amended.Abstract:
The information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals interested in future air quality control programs aimed at areas that are attaining one or more air quality ambient standards. Section 116 of the Clean Air Act, as amended, requires the Environmental Protection Agency to promulgate regulations for the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in order to protect the nation's clean air resources from hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and lead (Set II pollutants). This program will affect industry siting in many areas of the country, particularly in the rural, undeveloped areas. Among the many alternatives currently being considered by EPA to meet the PSD Set II goals are emission management systems, marketable emission permits, air quality increments, emission fees, and control of transportation related sources. The final regulation may be a combination of several options or may present several alternatives from which a State would choose its sp...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Valuation of natural resource improvements in the adirondacks
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified the total economic value of expected ecological improvements in the Adirondack Park from forthcoming policies, based on a contingent valuation survey of New York residents.
Journal ArticleDOI
The three-dimensional genome: regulating gene expression during pluripotency and development.
TL;DR: The role of 3D chromatin architecture in organizing the regulatory genome is summarized and how its misfolding can lead to gene misexpression and disease is evaluated.
A structural analysis of vehicle design responses to Corporate Average Fuel Economy policy
TL;DR: In this paper, a structural analysis of automaker responses to generic Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) policies is presented, focusing on vehicle design responses in long-run oligopolistic equilibrium.
Using Probabilistic Terrorism Risk Modeling For Regulatory Benefit-Cost Analysis
Tom LaTourrette,Henry H. Willis +1 more
Abstract: This article presents a framework for using probabilistic terrorism risk modeling in regulatory analysis. We demonstrate the framework with an example application involving a regulation under consideration, the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative for the Land Environment, (WHTI-L). First, we estimate annualized loss from terrorist attacks with the Risk Management Solutions (RMS) Probabilistic Terrorism Model. We then estimate the critical risk reduction, which is the risk-reducing effectiveness of WHTI-L needed for its benefit, in terms of reduced terrorism loss in the United States, to exceed its cost. Our analysis indicates that the critical risk reduction depends strongly not only on uncertainties in the terrorism risk level, but also on uncertainty in the cost of regulation and how casualties are monetized. For a terrorism risk level based on the RMS standard risk estimate, the baseline regulatory cost estimate for WHTI-L, and a range of casualty cost estimates based on the willingness-to-pay approach, our estimate for the expected annualized loss from terrorism ranges from $2.7 billion to $5.2 billion. For this range in annualized loss, the critical risk reduction for WHTI-L ranges from 7% to 13%. Basing results on a lower risk level that results in halving the annualized terrorism loss would double the critical risk reduction (14-26%), and basing the results on a higher risk level that results in a doubling of the annualized terrorism loss would cut the critical risk reduction in half (3.5-6.6%). Ideally, decisions about terrorism security regulations and policies would be informed by true benefit-cost analyses in which the estimated benefits are compared to costs. Such analyses for terrorism security efforts face substantial impediments stemming from the great uncertainty in the terrorist threat and the very low recurrence interval for large attacks. Several approaches can be used to estimate how a terrorism security program or regulation reduces the distribution of risks it is intended to manage. But, continued research to develop additional tools and data is necessary to support application of these approaches. These include refinement of models and simulations, engagement of subject matter experts, implementation of program evaluation, and estimating the costs of casualties from terrorism events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Updating the United States Government's Social Cost of Carbon
TL;DR: The Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) as discussed by the authors has played a central role in climate policy both domestically and internationally, but rapid progress in climate science and economics over the last decade mean that it is no longer based on the frontier of understanding.