Journal ArticleDOI
An Overview of Possibilistic Handling of Default Reasoning, with Experimental Studies
TLDR
An empirical study of three desirable properties for a consequence relation that capture default reasoning: Rationality, Property Inheritance and Ambiguity Preservation is presented.Abstract:
This paper first provides a brief survey of a possibilistic handling of default rules. A set of default rules of the form, “generally, from α deduce β”, is viewed as the family of possibility distributions satisfying constraints expressing that the situation where α and β is true has a greater plausibility than the one where a and - β is true. When considering only the subset of linear possibility distributions, the well-known System P of postulates proposed by Kraus, Lehmann and Magidor, has been obtained. We also present two rational extensions: one based on the minimum specificity principle and the other is based on the lexicographic ordering. The second part of the paper presents an empirical study of three desirable properties for a consequence relation that capture default reasoning: Rationality, Property Inheritance and Ambiguity Preservation. An experiment is conducted to investigate 13 patterns of inference for the test of these properties. Our experimental apparatus confirms previous results on the relevance of System P, and enforces the psychological relevance of the studied properties.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Précis of Bayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to Human Reasoning
Mike Oaksford,Nick Chater +1 more
TL;DR: The case is made that cognition in general, and human everyday reasoning in particular, is best viewed as solving probabilistic, rather than logical, inference problems, and the wider “probabilistic turn” in cognitive science and artificial intelligence is considered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Subtracting "ought" from "is": descriptivism versus normativism in the study of human thinking.
TL;DR: It is proposed that little can be gained from normativism that cannot be achieved by descriptivist computational-level analysis, and that theories of higher mental processing would be better off freed from normative considerations.
Journal ArticleDOI
The ‘whys’ and ‘whens’ of individual differences in thinking biases
TL;DR: It is proposed that a critical but overlooked question concerns the time point at which individual variance arises: do biased and unbiased reasoners take different paths early on in the reasoning process or is the observed variance late to arise?
Journal ArticleDOI
Behavioral experiments for assessing the abstract argumentation semantics of reinstatement.
Iyad Rahwan,Iyad Rahwan,Iyad Rahwan,Mohammed Iqbal Madakkatel,Jean-François Bonnefon,Ruqiyabi Naz Awan,Sherief Abdallah,Sherief Abdallah +7 more
TL;DR: This work advocates a complementary, descriptive-experimental method, based on the collection of behavioral data about the way human reasoners handle these critical cases of reinstatement, which shows that floating reinstatement yields comparable effects to that of simple reinstatement.
Book ChapterDOI
The conditional in mental probability logic
Niki Pfeifer,Gernot D. Kleiter +1 more
Abstract: This chapter describes a probabilistic framework of human reasoning based on probability logic. While there are several approaches to probability logic, the chapter adopts the coherence based approach. It assumes that rules similar to the principles of probability logic are basic rules of the human inference engine. The approach is called ‘mental probability logic’. Conditionals are of special importance in the approach. These are conceived as non-truth functional, as uncertain, and as nonmonotonic.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A logic for default reasoning
TL;DR: This paper proposes a logic for default reasoning, develops a complete proof theory and shows how to interface it with a top down resolution theorem prover, and provides criteria under which the revision of derived beliefs must be effected.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nonmonotonic reasoning, preferential models and cumulative logics
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of families of nonmonotonic consequence relations, defined in the style of Gentzen [13], are studied from both proof-theoretic and semantic points of view.
Posted Content
Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Preferential Models and Cumulative Logics
TL;DR: The preferential models proposed here are a much stronger tool than Adams' probabilistic semantics, and are defined and characterized by representation theorems, relating the two points of view.
Book
The logic of conditionals
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that P.C. may be safely used, except in inferences whose conclusions are conditionals whose antecedents are incompatible with the premises in the sense that if the antecedent became known, some of the previously asserted premises would have to be withdrawn.
Journal ArticleDOI
What does a conditional knowledge base entail
Daniel Lehmann,Menachem Magidor +1 more
TL;DR: It is argued that any reasonable nonmonotonic inference procedure should define a rational relation and it is shown that the rational relations are exactly those that may be represented by a ranked preferential model, or by a (nonstandard) probabilistic model.