Breastfeeding and Infant Size: Evidence of Reverse Causality

TLDR: It is speculated that similar dynamic processes involving infant crying, other signs of hunger, and supplementation/weaning undermine causal inferences about the "effect" of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on slower infant growth.

Abstract: Infants who receive prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding grow more slowly during the first year of life than those who do not. However, infant feeding and growth are dynamic processes in which feeding may affect growth, and prior growth and size may also influence subsequent feeding decisions. The authors carried out an observational analysis of 17,046 Belarusian infants who were recruited between June 1996 and December 1997 and who participated in a cluster-randomized trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention. To assess the effects of infant size on subsequent feeding, the authors restricted the analysis to infants breastfed (or exclusively breastfed) at the beginning of each follow-up interval and examined associations between weight or length at the beginning of the interval and weaning or discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding by the end of the interval. Smaller size (especially weight for age) was strongly and statistically significantly associated with increased risks of subsequent weaning and of discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratios = 1.2–1.6), especially between 2 and 6 months, even after adjusment for potential confounding factors and clustered measurement. The authors speculate that similar dynamic processes involving infant crying, other signs of hunger, and supplementation/weaning undermine causal inferences about the “effect” of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on slower infant growth.