Journal ArticleDOI
Coherence and nonmonotonicity in human reasoning
Niki Pfeifer,Gernot D. Kleiter +1 more
TLDR
Four experiments which investigate three rules of SYSTEMP, namely the AND, the LEFT LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE, and the OR rule find a relatively good agreement of human reasoning and principles of nonmonotonic reasoning.Abstract:
Nonmonotonic reasoning is often claimed to mimic human common sense reasoning. Only a few studies, though, have investigated this claim empirically. We report four experiments which investigate three rules of SYSTEMP, namely the AND, the LEFT LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE, and the OR rule. The actual inferences of the subjects are compared with the coherent normative upper and lower probability bounds derived from a non-infinitesimal probability semantics of SYSTEM
P. We found a relatively good agreement of human reasoning and principles of nonmonotonic reasoning. Contrary to the results reported in the ‘heuristics and biases’ tradition, the subjects committed relatively few upper bound violations (conjunction fallacies).read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Précis of Bayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to Human Reasoning
Mike Oaksford,Nick Chater +1 more
TL;DR: The case is made that cognition in general, and human everyday reasoning in particular, is best viewed as solving probabilistic, rather than logical, inference problems, and the wider “probabilistic turn” in cognitive science and artificial intelligence is considered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Framing human inference by coherence based probability logic
Niki Pfeifer,Gernot D. Kleiter +1 more
TL;DR: This work takes coherence based probability logic as the basic reference theory to model human deductive reasoning and takes first steps towards a process model of conditional inferences.
Journal ArticleDOI
How people interpret conditionals: shifts toward the conditional event.
TL;DR: How people interpret conditionals and how stable their interpretation is over a long series of trials is investigated and implications for mental models theory and probabilistic theories of reasoning are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Behavioral experiments for assessing the abstract argumentation semantics of reinstatement.
Iyad Rahwan,Iyad Rahwan,Iyad Rahwan,Mohammed Iqbal Madakkatel,Jean-François Bonnefon,Ruqiyabi Naz Awan,Sherief Abdallah,Sherief Abdallah +7 more
TL;DR: This work advocates a complementary, descriptive-experimental method, based on the collection of behavioral data about the way human reasoners handle these critical cases of reinstatement, which shows that floating reinstatement yields comparable effects to that of simple reinstatement.
Book ChapterDOI
The conditional in mental probability logic
Niki Pfeifer,Gernot D. Kleiter +1 more
Abstract: This chapter describes a probabilistic framework of human reasoning based on probability logic. While there are several approaches to probability logic, the chapter adopts the coherence based approach. It assumes that rules similar to the principles of probability logic are basic rules of the human inference engine. The approach is called ‘mental probability logic’. Conditionals are of special importance in the approach. These are conceived as non-truth functional, as uncertain, and as nonmonotonic.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Amos Tversky,Daniel Kahneman +1 more
TL;DR: The conjunction rule as mentioned in this paper states that the probability of a conjunction cannot exceed the probabilities of its constituents, P (A) and P (B), because the extension (or the possibility set) of the conjunction is included in the extension of their constituents.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nonmonotonic reasoning, preferential models and cumulative logics
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of families of nonmonotonic consequence relations, defined in the style of Gentzen [13], are studied from both proof-theoretic and semantic points of view.
Posted Content
Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Preferential Models and Cumulative Logics
TL;DR: The preferential models proposed here are a much stronger tool than Adams' probabilistic semantics, and are defined and characterized by representation theorems, relating the two points of view.
Book
The Psychology of Proof: Deductive Reasoning in Human Thinking
TL;DR: In this article, Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in mental life.
Journal ArticleDOI
The "conjunction fallacy" revisited : How intelligent inferences look like reasoning errors
Ralph Hertwig,Gerd Gigerenzer +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that a failure to recognize the human capacity for semantic and pragmatic inference can lead rational responses to be misclassified as fallacies.