Journal ArticleDOI
Cranial nerve II-VII injuries in fatal closed head trauma
Zenon Mariak,Andrzej Stankiewicz +1 more
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TLDR
Cranial nerves related to the visual system are subject to serious injury in a large proportion of cases of severe head trauma resulting from automobile accidents, and damage results from ripping the roots of these nerves out of the brainstem.Abstract:
PURPOSE: To study the distribution and mechanism of traumatic injuries to the nerves supplying the eye and muscles protecting the visual apparatus. METHODS: Brain autopsy was carried out in 12 consecutive patients who died within three days after closed head injury. A segment of the brainstem with the entire intracranial portion of nerves II-VII was dissected out in each case and fixed in formalin. The specimens were stripped of the leptomeninges and inspected thoroughly under magnification. RESULTS: Injuries to the nerves were seen in nine subjects. The oculomotor nerve was completely torn off from the midbrain unilaterally in three and bilaterally in two cases. In one patient only a portion of the superficial fibres on the medial aspect of the nerve was ripped out from the brainstem. In two patients the fourth nerve was ruptured. The root of the fifth cranial nerve was contused and the fibres between the brainstem and Gasserian ganglion crushed and separated in one case. Bilateral avulsion of the root of the sixth nerve from the brainstem was found in two cases. The initial segment of the facial nerve was crushed in two subjects. No visible injury to the optic nerves was found. CONCLUSIONS: Cranial nerves related to the visual system are subject to serious injury in a large proportion of cases of severe head trauma resulting from automobile accidents. In the majority of cases damage results from ripping the roots of these nerves out of the brainstem. Language: enread more
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Journal ArticleDOI
An assessment of gait and balance deficits after traumatic brain injury
Jeffrey R. Basford,Li-Shan Chou,Kenton R. Kaufman,Robert H. Brey,Ann E. Walker,James F. Malec,Anne M. Moessner,Allen W. Brown +7 more
TL;DR: Patients' complaints of instability after TBI may have objective correlates and may be rectifiable, and balance and gait testing in these patients is warranted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Imaging the cranial nerves: Part I: Methodology, infectious and inflammatory, traumatic and congenital lesions
Alexandra Borges,Jan Casselman +1 more
TL;DR: The contribution of current imaging techniques in the depiction of normal anatomy and on infectious and inflammatory, traumatic and congenital pathology affecting the cranial nerves are focused on.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of Head trauma
TL;DR: The afferent and efferent pathways are vulnerable to traumatic injury, although the efferent system is more commonly affected, and the presence of a neuroimaging abnormality was significantly associated with specific neuro-ophthalmic deficits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ocular manifestations of head injury: a clinical study
TL;DR: Pupillary involvement, papilloedema, and ocular motor paresis pointed to a more severe head injury, and early ophthalmic assessment in correlation with the GCS aids in prognosticating outcomes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mild head injury with isolated third nerve palsy
TL;DR: A case is reported of complete left third nerve palsy associated with mild head injury, where the divergent squint required botulinum toxin to the lateral rectus muscle followed by surgery.
References
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Computerized tomographic scan findings in facial fractures associated with blindness.
Stephen J. Manfredi,Mohammad R. Raji,Philip M. Sprinkle,George W. Weinstein,Lawrence M. Minardi,Tanna J. Swanson +5 more
TL;DR: A retrospective study of 379 consecutive patients who underwent operative repair of facial fractures at the West Virginia University Medical Center found that blindness developed in at least one eye in 21 of the patients studied, and there was no previous report of an optic canal fracture as diagnosed by computerized tomography in the literature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Unusual complications of temporal bone fractures.
TL;DR: Eighty-two temporal bone fractures were diagnosed in 75 patients with high-resolution computed tomographic scanning, and among 66 patients in whom audiometry was performed, 20 had conductive hearing loss, nine had sensorineural loss, and 36 had mixed hearing loss.
Journal ArticleDOI
Traumatic third nerve palsy.
TL;DR: Twenty patients with a traumatic third nerve palsy had sustained a closed head injury with prolonged loss of consciousness in a high-speed deceleration accident and developed the misdirection/regeneration syndrome.