Journal ArticleDOI
Duration of Binocular Decorrelation Predicts the Severity of Latent (Fusion Maldevelopment) Nystagmus in Strabismic Macaque Monkeys
TLDR
The findings support the conclusion that early correction of infantile strabismus promotes normal development of cerebral gaze-holding pathways, and Binocular decorrelation in primates during an early period of fusion development causes permanent gaze instability when the duration exceeds the equivalent of 3 months in humans.Abstract:
PURPOSE. Infantile esotropia is linked strongly to latent fixation nystagmus (LN) in human infants, but many features of this comorbidity are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine how the duration of early-onset strabismus (or timeliness of repair) affects the prevalence of LN in a primate model. METHODS. Optical strabismus was created in infant macaques by fitting them with prism goggles on day 1 of life. The goggles were removed after 3 (n = 2), 12 (n = 1) or 24 weeks (n = 3), emulating surgical repair of strabismus in humans at 3, 12, and 24 months of age, respectively. Eye movements were recorded by using binocular search coils. RESULTS. Each animal in the 12- and 24-week groups exhibited LN and manifest LN, normal spatial vision (no amblyopia), and constant esotropia. The 3-week duration monkeys had stable fixation (no LN) and normal alignment indistinguishable from control animals. In affected monkeys, the longer the duration of binocular decorrelation, the greater the LN: mean slow-phase eye velocity (SPEV) in the 24-week animals was three times greater than that in the 12-week monkey (P = 0.03); mean LN intensity in the 24-week monkeys was three times greater than that in the 12-week monkey (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS. Binocular decorrelation in primates during an early period of fusion development causes permanent gaze instability when the duration exceeds the equivalent of 3 months in humans. These findings support the conclusion that early correction of infantile strabismus promotes normal development of cerebral gaze-holding pathways.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Quantitative Study of Fixation Stability in Amblyopia
TL;DR: Fixation instability in amblyopic eyes of children with strabismus and/or anisometropia, and the associated poor stereoacuity probably is the consequence of decorrelated binocular experience early in life.
Journal ArticleDOI
Visual outcome in infants born to drug-misusing mothers prescribed methadone in pregnancy
Laura McGlone,Ruth Hamilton,Ruth Hamilton,Daphne L. McCulloch,Jane R MacKinnon,Michael S. Bradnam,Michael S. Bradnam,Helen Mactier +7 more
TL;DR: Abnormal visual electrophysiology in infants born to drug-misusing mothers prescribed maintenance methadone persists to 6 months of age, and is associated with abnormal clinical visual assessment.
Journal ArticleDOI
The neural mechanism for Latent (fusion maldevelopment) nystagmus.
Lawrence Tychsen,Michael Richards,Agnes M. F. Wong,Paul Foeller,Dolores Bradley,Andreas Burkhalter +5 more
TL;DR: It is revealed that loss of binocular connections within striate cortex (area V1) in the first months of life is the necessary and sufficient cause of Latent nystagmus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Timing of surgery for infantile esotropia: sensory and motor outcomes.
TL;DR: Clinicians now should consider offering early surgery to patients with large-angle, constant infantile esotropia at or before 10 months of age, based on growing evidence from clinical and animal studies that surgery during the early critical periods enhances sensory and ocular motor development.
Journal ArticleDOI
Best age for surgery for infantile esotropia
Huib Simonsz,G. H. Kolling +1 more
TL;DR: The endpoints to consider when contemplating best age for surgery in an individual child with IE should be: degree of binocular vision restored or retained, postoperative angle and long-term stability of the angle and number of operations needed or chance of spontaneous regression.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex
TL;DR: A summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex are reported on.
A method of measuring eye movements using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field
TL;DR: With the subject exposed to an alternating magnetic field, eye position may be accurately recorded from the voltage generated in a coil of wire embedded in a scleral contact lens worn by the subject.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field
TL;DR: In this article, the voltage generated in a coil of wire embedded in a scleral contact lens worn by the subject was measured using two magnetic fields in quadrature phase and two coils on the lens, one may measure horizontal, vertical and torsional eye movements simultaneously.
Journal ArticleDOI
The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey
TL;DR: The cortical and subcortical connections of the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey were investigated using combined injections of [3H]proline and horseradish peroxidase within MT to determine a hierarchical arrangement of visual areas.
Book
Binocular vision and ocular motility;: Theory and management of strabismus
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a classification of Neuromuscular Anomalies of the eyes, including the following: 1. Examination of Patient I - Preliminaries 2. Examination II - Motor Signs in Heterophoria and Heterotropia 3. Examination III - Sensory Signs, Symptoms, and Binocular Adaptations in Strabismus 4. Examination IV - Amblyopia 5. Examination V - Depth Perception