Effect of interlayer temperature on microstructure evolution and mechanical performance of wire arc additive manufactured 300M steel
TLDR
In this paper, the effects of interlayer temperature on microstructure evolution and mechanical performance in the different regions of the SWPs are investigated, and the results show that the surface waviness of the straight wall parts first decreases and then increases with the increase of inter layer temperature.Abstract:
The 300 M steel straight wall parts (SWPs) are fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing based on cold metal transfer technology. The effects of interlayer temperature on microstructure evolution and mechanical performance in the different regions of the SWPs are investigated. The results show that the surface waviness of the SWP first decreases and then increases with the increase of interlayer temperature, and the lowest surface waviness is controlled in 0.47 mm at the interlayer temperature of 200 °C. In the top region, the microstructure mainly consists of untempered martensite and slightly changes with the increase of interlayer temperature. In the middle and bottom regions, the microstructure is mainly composed of tempered martensite as the interlayer temperature is 100 or 200 °C. However, when the interlayer temperature is increased above 400 °C, the needle-like bainite and feather-like bainite are gradually formed due to the slow cooling rate and long dwell time in the bainite transformation zone. The microhardness and ultimate tensile strength in the top region are significantly higher than those in the middle and bottom regions, which are attributed to the enhanced solid solution strengthening effect of untempered martensite. The tensile fracture morphology is transformed from the quasi-cleavage fracture mode to the ductile mode with the increase of interlayer temperature or the decrease of distance from the substrate.read more
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Abstract: An experimental silicon steel has been used in a detailed kinetic and structural study of the bainite transformation in an attempt to resolve some of the controversies concerning the reaction mechanism. Distinct reaction ‘C’ curves and transformation mechanisms were observed for the upper and lower bainite reactions. The observed set of three minima in transformation kinetics were found to be incompatible with the solute drag explanation of the kinetic Bs temperature. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the growth of both upper and lower bainite by the propagation of displacive subunits, with adjacent nucleation in the latter case. Definite evidence for carbon supersaturation was obtained for the lower bainitic ferrite. The results are best explained in terms of a shear mechanism for the ferritic component of bainite rather than a ledge mechanism (as is observed in Widmanstatten ferrite growth). Carbide precipitation events were also characterized and the evidence suggested that precipitation resulted from the aging of a supersaturated matrix in lower bainite. The evidence also suggests that carbide precipitation events are of secondary importance to the essence of bainite formation. It was further proven that the concept of a metastable equilibrium1 controlling the transition from upper to lower bainite was not applicable to the present steel and indeed, if any metastable equilibrium does exist in any other steel, it does not constitute a general phenomenon and hence is not essential to the bainite transformation mechanism.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified the materials processing challenges in wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), including high residual stresses, undesirable microstructures, and solute segregation and phase transformations at solidification.
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