Journal ArticleDOI
Fetal programming of coronary heart disease.
TLDR
Coronary heart disease appears to be a developmental disorder that originates through two widespread biological phenomena, developmental plasticity and compensatory growth.Abstract:
People who develop coronary heart disease grow differently from other people both in utero and during childhood. Slow growth during fetal life and infancy is followed by accelerated weight gain in childhood. Two disorders that predispose to coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, are preceded by similar paths of growth. Mechanisms underlying this are thought to include the development of insulin resistance in utero, reduced numbers of nephrons associated with small body size at birth and altered programming of the micro-architecture and function of the liver. Slow fetal growth might also heighten the body's stress responses and increase vulnerability to poor living conditions in later life. Coronary heart disease appears to be a developmental disorder that originates through two widespread biological phenomena, developmental plasticity and compensatory growth.read more
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Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital.
Cesar G. Victora,Linda S. Adair,Caroline H.D. Fall,Pedro C. Hallal,Reynaldo Martorell,Linda Richter,Harshpal Singh Sachdev +6 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that damage suffered in early life leads to permanent impairment, and might also affect future generations, as undernutrition is associated with lower human capital and its prevention will probably bring about important health, educational, and economic benefits.
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Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?
TL;DR: It is suggested that extra vigilance or anxiety, readily distracted attention, or a hyper-responsive HPA axis may have been adaptive in a stressful environment during evolution, but exists today at the cost of vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child : links and possible mechanisms. A review
TL;DR: Although some inconsistencies remain, the results in general support a fetal programming hypothesis and programs to reduce maternal stress in pregnancy are warranted.
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STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES: Old Issues, New Directions.
Gilbert C. Gee,Chandra L. Ford +1 more
TL;DR: Several ways of conceptualizing structural racism are reviewed, with a focus on social segregation, immigration policy, and intergenerational effects, to more seriously consider the multiple dimensions of structural racism as fundamental causes of health disparities.
Repositioning nutrition as central to development: a strategy for large-scale action.
TL;DR: The unequivocal choice now is between continuing to fail as the global community did with HIV/AIDS for more than a decade or to finally make nutrition central to development so that a wide range of economic and social improvements that depend on nutrition can be realized.
References
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Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic
TL;DR: The prevention of diabetes and control of its micro- and macrovascular complications will require an integrated, international approach if the authors are to see significant reduction in the huge premature morbidity and mortality it causes.
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Fetal origins of coronary heart disease
TL;DR: The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation, which leads to disproportionate fetal growth, programmes later coronary heart disease.
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Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease.
TL;DR: Measurements that promote prenatal and postnatal growth may reduce deaths from ischaemic heart disease and may be especially important in boys who weigh below 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg) at birth.
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Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth
TL;DR: It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named “the small-baby syndrome”.
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Phenotypic Plasticity and the Origins of Diversity
TL;DR: Much recent progress has been made toward integrating developmental and evolutionary biology, especially in vertebrate morphology, developmental genetics, and molecular biology, though an unfortunate one because it seems to imply that the main effect of developmental constraints is that of "Developmental constraints".