Showing papers in "The Lancet in 2008"

TL;DR: The Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) as mentioned in this paper was created to marshal the evidence on what can be done to promote health equity and to foster a global movement to achieve it.

TL;DR: A short cervical length and a raised cervical-vaginal fetal fibronectin concentration are the strongest predictors of spontaneous preterm birth.

TL;DR: The high mortality and disease burden resulting from these nutrition-related factors make a compelling case for the urgent implementation of interventions to reduce their occurrence or ameliorate their consequences.

TL;DR: Assessment of the strength of associations between BMI and different sites of cancer and differences in these associations between sex and ethnic groups should inform the exploration of biological mechanisms that link obesity with cancer.

TL;DR: It is concluded that damage suffered in early life leads to permanent impairment, and might also affect future generations, as undernutrition is associated with lower human capital and its prevention will probably bring about important health, educational, and economic benefits.

TL;DR: Treatment with everolimus prolongs progression-free survival relative to placebo in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma that had progressed on other targeted therapies, but were mostly mild or moderate in severity.

TL;DR: Infusion of mesenchymal stem cells expanded in vitro, irrespective of the donor, might be an effective therapy for patients with steroid-resistant, acute GVHD.

TL;DR: Because mortality rates have fallen, the focus for perinatal interventions is to develop strategies to reduce long-term morbidity, especially the prevention of brain injury and abnormal brain development.

TL;DR: To eliminate stunting in the longer term, existing interventions that were designed to improve nutrition and prevent related disease could reduce stunting at 36 months by 36%; mortality between birth and 36 monthsBy about 25%; and disability-adjusted life-years associated with stunting, severe wasting, intrauterine growth restriction, and micronutrient deficiencies by about 25%.

TL;DR: Most of the disease burden caused by high blood pressure is borne by low-income and middle-income countries, by people in middle age, and by people with prehypertension.

TL;DR: In view of the high death and complication rates of major surgical procedures, surgical safety should now be a substantial global public-health concern.

TL;DR: The results highlight the risk in assuming a perioperative beta-blocker regimen has benefit without substantial harm, and the importance and need for large randomised trials in theperioperative setting.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated the number of major operations undertaken worldwide, described their distribution, and assessed the importance of surgical care in global public health policy, based on demographic, health, and economic data for 192 member states of the World Health Organization.

TL;DR: Among people with diabetes the proportional effects of statin therapy were similar irrespective of whether there was a prior history of vascular disease and irrespective of other baseline characteristics and should be considered for all diabetic individuals who are at sufficiently high risk of vascular events.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the combination of perioperative chemotherapy and surgery compared with surgery alone for patients with initially resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer.

TL;DR: It is suggested that a wake up and breathe protocol that pairs daily spontaneous awakening trials (ie, interruption of sedatives) with daily spontaneous breathing trials results in better outcomes for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care than current standard approaches and should become routine practice.

TL;DR: Ustekinumab seems to be efficacious for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis; dosing every 12 weeks maintains efficacy for at least a year in most patients.

TL;DR: This cell-mediated immunity vaccine did not prevent HIV-1 infection or reduce early viral level and Mechanisms for insufficient efficacy of the vaccine and the increased HIV- 1 infection rates in subgroups of vaccine recipients are being explored.

TL;DR: Findings from ten countries from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women suggest intimate partner violence is associated with serious public-health consequences that should be addressed in national and global health policies and programmes.

TL;DR: The epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and staging, and the latest multimodal management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are reviewed.

TL;DR: The association between income deprivation and mortality differed significantly across the groups of exposure to green space for mortality from all causes and circulatory disease, but not from lung cancer or intentional self-harm, which suggests physical environments that promote good health might be important to reduce socioeconomic health inequalities.

TL;DR: Group-based lifestyle interventions over 6 years can prevent or delay diabetes for up to 14 years after the active intervention, however, whether lifestyle intervention also leads to reduced CVD and mortality remains unclear.

TL;DR: Although immunisation with Abeta(42) resulted in clearance of amyloid plaques in patients with Alzheimer's disease, this clearance did not prevent progressive neurodegeneration and there was no evidence of improved survival.

TL;DR: In people at high vascular risk, telmisartan's effects on major renal outcomes are similar to ramipril, and although combination therapy reduces proteinuria to a greater extent than monotherapy, overall it worsens major renal outcome.

TL;DR: Advances in understanding of the pathobiology of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, fuelled by emerging molecular technologies, suggest that drugs specifically targeting the genetic defects of leukaemic cells could revolutionise management of this disease.

TL;DR: Life expectancy in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy increased between 1996 and 2005, although there is considerable variability between subgroups of patients.

TL;DR: The results show that a cellular, tissue-engineered airway with mechanical properties that allow normal functioning, and which is free from the risks of rejection, is produced, suggesting that autologous cells combined with appropriate biomaterials might provide successful treatment for patients with serious clinical disorders.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the renal effects of Ramipril (an ACE inhibitor), telmisartan (an ARB), and their combination in patients aged 55 years or older with established atherosclerotic vascular disease or with diabetes with end-organ damage.

TL;DR: A large proportion of hospitalised patients are at risk for VTE, but there is a low rate of appropriate prophylaxis, which reinforces the rationale for the use of hospital-wide strategies to assess patients' VTE risk and to implement measures that ensure that at-risk patients receive appropriate proPHylaxis.

TL;DR: Tocilizumab could be an effective therapeutic approach in patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis.