Q2. What are the future works in this paper?
Future work in this research area will focus on the analysis of the metrological performance of the flow sensor for pressurized liquid CO2 flows.
Q3. What is the role of the liquid in the flowmetering?
Since the accurate accounting and measurement of CO2 plays an important role through fiscal metering of the gas in CCS pipelines, a good knowledge of the effect of the liquid content on the flowmetering instrument is therefore required in quantifying and compensating the uncertainties in the flow measurement as well as ensuring an efficient and sustainable economic outcome.
Q4. How can the APT-FCW be used to correct errors?
With knowledge of the absolute gas flow rate and mixture wetness, most of the errors in the measurements can be corrected through appropriate simple and straightforward equations which are easily incorporated into computing processes in the flowmeters.
Q5. What was the data used to record the real-time data from the CMFs?
A dedicated PC was used to record the real-time data from the CMFs while two data loggers were used to collect and store other relevant metering information such as flow pressure and DP.
Q6. What are the characteristics of a pitot tube?
(a) Average Velocity and Flow RatesAveraging pitot tubes are generally known for their lack of moving parts, simple and compa t installation, high accuracy, optimization for minimal pressure loss, wide temperature and pressure tolerance and application in large diameter pipes.
Q7. What is the main problem for accurate flow measurement?
The presence of liquid-form fluids like gas condensation in the CO2 gas stream poses serious problems for accurate flow measurement which can significantly affect the measurement uncertainty of the flowmeter or even damages flowmeter in some cases [2].
Q8. What is the common cause of wet gas flow in CCS pipelines?
The formation of wet-gas conditions in CCS transportation pipelines may result from events such as when the CO2 gas passes through a choke valve at high pressure.
Q9. What is the effect of the corrosive property of the compound?
Although the CO2-water mixture forms a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3) which corrodes the pipe walls over time, it has been empirically proven that the corrosive property of the compound is only severe at high pressure conditions [12].
Q10. What is the flow rate correction factor for the APT-FCW?
A correction factor inherently based on the DP transmitter’s true output under dry or single-phase gas conditions has been developed and applied to the device’s indicated reading which is then used in subsequent computation of other flow equations [2].
Q11. What is the effect of the water bubble entrainment in the ports of the APT?
Aside from the amount of liquid content in the flow stream, water bubble entrainment in the ports of the sensor was confirmed to be responsible for larger errors at lower flow rates.
Q12. How did the APT-FCW correct the error?
The direct over-read correlation method corrected most of the errors from the CO2-water mixture to within the original ±1% calibration boundary of the APT-FCW.
Q13. How is the APT-FCW capable of metering pure gaseous CO2?
Previous experimental research has indicated that the APT-FCW is capable of metering pure gaseous CO2 within an error of ±1% [15].
Q14. What is the extent of the over-read?
The extent of this over-read depends mainly on the volume of the liquid content relative to the total volume of the wet-gas mixture at certain flow conditions.
Q15. What is the effect of the flow obstruction on the measurement results?
As the flow rate increased, this flow obstruction appeared to be less severe, freeing up most of the ports and in turn affecting an error decline in the measurement results.
Q16. What is the correcting factor for the flowmeter?
This correcting factor compensates for thermal expansion, discharge coefficient and gas expansion factors under these conditions.
Q17. What are the recent methods for gas-liquid two-phase flow measurement?
More recent methods for gas-liquid two-phase flow measurement include the flow sampling technique [9], Ultrasonic meters [10] and batch sampling [11].
Q18. What is the error deviation of the DP output under wet conditions?
It can therefore be concluded that the error deviation of the DP output under wet conditions is more or less or in general, considerably proportional to the meter’s volumetric and mass flow errors.
Q19. What is the corresponding error in the flow stream?
The continuous drift of the mass error from the ±1% boundary for dry CO2 gas is evident as the degree of wetness in the flow stream increases.