Jewish-gentile intermarriage in six European cities 1900-1940. Explaining differences and trends

TLDR: In this paper, the authors studied marriage registration statistics for Amsterdam, Berlin, Budapest, Vienna, Frankfurt-on-Main, Riga, and Vienna from 1900 to around 1940 and found that Amsterdam and Budapest were exceptions to the hypothesis that the longer ago Jewish-gentile intermarriages became legally permitted, the higher the chances of Jewish-Gentile intermarriage in a particular year would be.

Abstract: We have studied marriage registration statistics for Amsterdam, Berlin, Budapest, Frankfurt-on-Main, Riga, and Vienna from 1900 to around 1940 Until the early 1930s, the chances of Jewish-Gentile intermarriage increased We found Amsterdam and Budapest to be exceptions to the hypothesis that the longer ago Jewish-Gentile intermarriages became legally permitted, the higher the chances of Jewish-Gentile intermarriage in a particular year would be We account for these exceptions not by the percentage of votes for anti-Semitic parties, but by Jewish-Gentile residential segregation, which was strongest in Amsterdam and weakest in Budapest Chances of Jewish-Gentile intermarriage decreased several years before these marriages became forbidden at the end of the period we considered, but not before anti-Semitic parties came to power In the 1920s, chances of Jewish-Gentile intermarriage remained stable in Berlin and Frankfurt, with the chances of Jewish-Gentile intermarriage first being lower in Amsterdam than in Berlin and Frankfurt, but later on becoming higher