Journal ArticleDOI
Male Vulnerability to Reading Disability Is Not Likely to Be a Myth: A Call for New Data
TLDR
There is a significant preponderance of boys with RD, although the gender ratio of the affected relatives of those with RD manifests the weakest male bias, and it is demonstrated that potentially confounding factors cannot account for the observed gender bias.Abstract:
Whether boys are more vulnerable than girls to reading disabilities (RD) is controversial. We review studies that were designed to minimize ascertainment bias in the selection of individuals with RD. These include population-based studies that identified children with RD by objective, unbiased methods and studies that examined the gender ratios among the affected relatives of those diagnosed with RD. We conclude that even when ascertainment biases are minimized, there is still a significant preponderance of boys with RD, although the gender ratio of the affected relatives of those with RD manifests the weakest male bias. Furthermore, we demonstrate that potentially confounding factors such as attentional or neurological problems, race, IQ, and severity of RD cannot account for the observed gender bias. We end with a clarion call to future researchers to (a) consider analyzing gender differences by means of more than one definition of RD, (b) compare gender ratios when boys and girls are ranked against the performance of their own gender as opposed to an average across genders, and (c) report group differences in variability and effect sizes of obtained gender ratios.read more
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Journal Article
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language
Bennett A. Shaywitz,Sally E. Shaywitz,Kenneth R. Pugh,Robert Todd Constable,Pawel Skudlarski,Robert K. Fulbright,Richard A. Bronen,Jack M. Fletcher,D.P. Shankweiler,Leonard Katz,John C. Gore +10 more
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that brain activation in males is lateralized to the left inferior frontal gyrus regions; in females the pattern of activation is very different, engaging more diffuse neural systems that involve both the left and right inferior frontal cortex.
Journal ArticleDOI
Why Are Autism Spectrum Conditions More Prevalent in Males
Simon Baron-Cohen,Michael V. Lombardo,Bonnie Auyeung,Emma Ashwin,Bhismadev Chakrabarti,Bhismadev Chakrabarti,Rebecca C. Knickmeyer,Rebecca C. Knickmeyer +7 more
TL;DR: Some of the evidence relating to the EMB theory of ASC is described and how typical sex differences in brain structure may be relevant to ASC is considered, as these theories are not mutually exclusive and ASC is multi-factorial.
Journal ArticleDOI
Writing problems in developmental dyslexia: under-recognized and under-treated.
TL;DR: Results are discussed in reference to the importance of providing explicit instruction in the phonological, orthographic, and morphological processes of spelling and in composition to students with dyslexia and not only offering accommodation for their writing problems.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Impact of Science Knowledge, Reading Skill, and Reading Strategy Knowledge on More Traditional “High-Stakes” Measures of High School Students’ Science Achievement
TL;DR: This article examined how well cognitive abilities predict high school students' science achievement as measured by traditional content-based tests and found that reading skill helped the learner compensate for deficits in science knowledge for most measures of achievement and had a larger effect on achievement scores for higher knowledge than lower knowledge students.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex differences in handedness, asymmetry of the Planum Temporale and functional language lateralization
TL;DR: In conclusion, males are more frequently non-right handed than females, but there is no sex difference in asymmetries of the Planum Temporale, dichotic listening or functional imaging findings during language tasks.
References
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Book
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
TL;DR: Barkley et al. as discussed by the authors discussed the nature of ADHD, primary symptoms, diagnosis criteria, prevalence, and gender differences, and the treatment of ADHD in adults.
Journal ArticleDOI
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
TL;DR: The third edition of the classic textbook on Attention Deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as mentioned in this paper was published in 1998 and has been widely used in the field of mental health.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: II. A hypothesis and a program for research.
TL;DR: The hypothesis is that slowed growth within certain zones of the left hemisphere is likely to result in enlargement of other cortical regions, in particular, the homologous contralateral area, but also adjacent unfaffected regions.
Journal Article
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language
Bennett A. Shaywitz,Sally E. Shaywitz,Kenneth R. Pugh,Robert Todd Constable,Pawel Skudlarski,Robert K. Fulbright,Richard A. Bronen,Jack M. Fletcher,D.P. Shankweiler,Leonard Katz,John C. Gore +10 more
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that brain activation in males is lateralized to the left inferior frontal gyrus regions; in females the pattern of activation is very different, engaging more diffuse neural systems that involve both the left and right inferior frontal cortex.