Minimal Controllability Problems

TLDR: In this article, the problem of finding a small set of variables to affect with an input so that the resulting system is controllable is shown to be NP-hard, and it is shown that even approximating the minimum number of variables that need to be affected within a multiplicative factor of $c \log n$ is NP hard for some positive $c.

Abstract: Given a linear system, we consider the problem of finding a small set of variables to affect with an input so that the resulting system is controllable. We show that this problem is NP-hard; indeed, we show that even approximating the minimum number of variables that need to be affected within a multiplicative factor of $c \log n$ is NP-hard for some positive $c$. On the positive side, we show it is possible to find sets of variables matching this inapproximability barrier in polynomial time. This can be done by a simple greedy heuristic which sequentially picks variables to maximize the rank increase of the controllability matrix. Experiments on Erdos-Renyi random graphs demonstrate this heuristic almost always succeeds at findings the minimum number of variables.