Neuroadaptation. Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal.
TLDR
Behavioural evidence is provided from laboratory animals suggesting that the onset of craving is delayed and that craving does not decay, but rather increases progressively, over a two-month withdrawal period.Abstract:
Relapse to cocaine addiction is frequently associated with subjective reports of craving, a poorly understood state that precedes and accompanies cocaine-seeking behaviours1. It has been suggested2 that over the first few weeks of withdrawal from cocaine, human addicts become sensitized to drug-associated environmental cues that act as external stimuli for craving, although the evidence for this is inconsistent3. Here we provide behavioural evidence from laboratory animals suggesting that the onset of craving is delayed and that craving does not decay, but rather increases progressively, over a two-month withdrawal period.read more
Citations
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The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
Peter W. Kalivas,Nora D. Volkow +1 more
TL;DR: Cellular adaptations in prefrontal glutamatergic innervation of the accumbens promote the compulsive character of drug seeking in addicts by decreasing the value of natural rewards, diminishing cognitive control (choice), and enhancing glutamatorgic drive in response to drug-associated stimuli.
Journal ArticleDOI
An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release.
TL;DR: An overview of the production and usage of bromine over the past three decades is covered, and production, application, and environmental occurrence of high production brominated flame retardants including Tetrabromobisphenol A, polybrominated biphenyls, Penta-, Octa-, Deca-brominate diphenyl ether (oxide) formulation and hexabromocyclodododecane are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings.
TL;DR: The data derived from studies using the reinstatement model suggest that the neuronal events that mediate drug-, cue- and stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking are not identical, and that the duration of the withdrawal period following cocaine and heroin self-administration has a profound effect on reinstatement induced by drug cues and stress.
Journal ArticleDOI
The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues
TL;DR: The theory that addiction is caused primarily by drug-induced sensitization in the brain mesocorticolimbic systems that attribute incentive salience to reward-associated stimuli is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Environment and in People: A Meta-Analysis of Concentrations
TL;DR: It is clear that the environment and people from North America are very much more contaminated with PBDEs as compared to Europe and that these PBDE levels have doubled every 4-6 yr.
References
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The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
TL;DR: S sensitization of incentive salience can produce addictive behavior even if the expectation of drug pleasure or the aversive properties of withdrawal are diminished and even in the face of strong disincentives, including the loss of reputation, job, home and family.
Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction
TL;DR: There has been considerable progress in identifying the mechanisms that contribute to long-lived neural and behavioural plasticity related to addiction, including drug-induced changes in gene transcription, in RNA and protein processing, and in synaptic structure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Limbic Activation During Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving
Anna Rose Childress,P. David Mozley,W. Mcelgin,Josh Fitzgerald,Martin Reivich,Charles P. O'Brien +5 more
TL;DR: Findings indicate that limbic activation is one component of cue-induced cocaine craving and may be similarly involved in appetitive craving for other drugs and for natural rewards.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization: a critical review of preclinical studies.
TL;DR: The distinctions between drugs in the induction and expression of sensitization indicate that behavioral sensitization can arise from multiple neuroadaptations in multiple brain nuclei, not only the result of distinct molecular targets for the drugs, but may also include a differential involvement of learned associations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Abstinence Symptomatology and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Cocaine Abusers: Clinical Observations
Frank H. Gawin,Herbert D. Kleber +1 more
TL;DR: Longitudinal evaluations showed a three-phase sequence of post-cocaine abuse abstinence symptoms, and over half the sample also met criteria for ed 3 DSM-III, axis I psychiatric disorders.