Pregnancy during residency: a literature review.
TLDR
The author comments on the use of existing data to make common sense changes and on the need for further studies to help clarify the issues and evaluate program changes.Abstract:
PurposeIt is estimated that by 2010 30% of U.S. physicians will be women. Pregnancy during residency can and does happen in all programs, and continues to provide problems for many. The author reviews the issues surrounding pregnancy during residency by evaluating published commentaries andread more
Citations
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The $16,819 Pay Gap For Newly Trained Physicians: The Unexplained Trend Of Men Earning More Than Women
TL;DR: A significant gender gap is found in starting salaries by gender of physicians leaving residency programs in New York State during 1999-2008 that cannot be explained by specialty choice, practice setting, work hours, or other characteristics.
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Fertility and Childbearing Among American Female Physicians
TL;DR: A substantial proportion of female physicians have faced infertility or have regrets about family planning decisions and career decision-making, meriting further investigation and targeted support.
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Pregnancy and Parenthood among Surgery Residents: Results of the First Nationwide Survey of General Surgery Residency Program Directors.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of United States (US) general surgery residency program directors was conducted to understand program directors' attitudes about pregnancy and parenthood in general surgery residencies, and the survey revealed that a lack of national uniformity in surgical residency policies regarding parental leave, length of leave, and inconsistency in access to childcare and availability of spaces to express and store breast milk.
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Childbearing and Pregnancy Characteristics of Female Orthopaedic Surgeons
TL;DR: Female orthopaedic surgeons had an increased risk of pregnancy complications, particularly preterm delivery, compared with the general U.S. population and an increasedrisk of preterm labor and delivery in surgeons working more than sixty hours per week during pregnancy.
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Do women residents delay childbearing due to perceived career threats
Lisa L. Willett,Melissa Wellons,Jason R. Hartig,Lindsey Roenigk,Mukta Panda,Angela T. Dearinger,Jeroan J. Allison,Thomas K. Houston +7 more
TL;DR: Women residents intentionally postpone pregnancy because of perceived threats to their careers, and medical educators should be aware of these findings when counseling female trainees.
References
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Outcomes of Pregnancy in a National Sample of Resident Physicians
TL;DR: Researchers studied the outcomes of pregnancy during residency for 4412 women who graduated from medical school in 1985 and for the wives of 4236 of their male classmates, who served as controls.
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Outcomes of Pregnancy in a National Sample of Resident Physicians
TL;DR: The results suggest that working long hours in a stressful occupation has little effect on the outcome of pregnancy in an otherwise healthy population of high socioeconomic status.
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Pregnancy during Residency
Maureen Sayres,Grace Wyshak,Geraldine Denterlein,Roberta J. Apfel,Eleanor G. Shore,Daniel David Federman +5 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that pregnancy within residency programs should be expected and plucked from women physicians who wish to combine parenting with medical careers.
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Breastfeeding Practices Among Resident Physicians
TL;DR: The breastfeeding initiation rate for resident mothers was in compliance with the Healthy People 2000 guidelines, but the rate at infant age 6 months fell well below the goal of 50%.
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Pregnancy among obstetricians: a comparison of births before, during, and after residency.
TL;DR: The data suggest a potentially negative impact of residency on the birth weights of infants born to female obstetricians in training, and children of primiparous women who were delivered during or after residency had significantly lower mean birth weights.