Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11.
William E. Schlenger,Juesta M. Caddell,Lori Ebert,B. Kathleen Jordan,Kathryn M. Rourke,Denise Wilson,Lisa Thalji,J. Michael Dennis,John A. Fairbank,Richard A. Kulka +9 more
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Assessment of psychological symptom levels in the United States following the events of September 11 found probable PTSD was associated with direct exposure to the terrorist attacks among adults, and the prevalence in the New York City metropolitan area was substantially higher than elsewhere in the country.Abstract:
ContextThe terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, represent an unprecedented
exposure to trauma in the United States.ObjectivesTo assess psychological symptom levels in the United States following
the events of September 11 and to examine the association between postattack
symptoms and a variety of indices of exposure to the events.DesignWeb-based epidemiological survey of a nationally representative cross-sectional
sample using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist and the Brief
Symptom Inventory, administered 1 to 2 months following the attacks.Setting and ParticipantsSample of 2273 adults, including oversamples of the New York, NY, and
Washington, DC, metropolitan areas.Main Outcome MeasuresSelf-reports of the symptoms of PTSD and of clinically significant nonspecific
psychological distress; adult reports of symptoms of distress among children
living in their households.ResultsThe prevalence of probable PTSD was significantly higher in the New
York City metropolitan area (11.2%) than in Washington, DC (2.7%), other major
metropolitan areas (3.6%), and the rest of the country (4.0%). A broader measure
of clinically significant psychological distress suggests that overall distress
levels across the country, however, were within expected ranges for a general
community sample. In multivariate models, sex, age, direct exposure to the
attacks, and the amount of time spent viewing TV coverage of the attacks on
September 11 and the few days afterward were associated with PTSD symptom
levels; sex, the number of hours of television coverage viewed, and an index
of the content of that coverage were associated with the broader distress
measure. More than 60% of adults in New York City households with children
reported that 1 or more children were upset by the attacks.ConclusionsOne to 2 months following the events of September 11, probable PTSD
was associated with direct exposure to the terrorist attacks among adults,
and the prevalence in the New York City metropolitan area was substantially
higher than elsewhere in the country. However, overall distress levels in
the country were within normal ranges. Further research should document the
course of symptoms and recovery among adults following exposure to the events
of September 11 and further specify the types and severity of distress in
children.read more
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Sandro Galea,Jennifer Ahern,Heidi S. Resnick,Dean G. Kilpatrick,Michael J. Bucuvalas,Joel Gold,David Vlahov +6 more
TL;DR: There was a substantial burden of acute PTSD and depression in Manhattan after the September 11 attacks, and experiences involving exposure to the attacks were predictors of current PTSD, and losses as a result of the events were predictions of current depression.
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A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
Mark A. Schuster,Bradley D. Stein,Lisa H. Jaycox,Rebecca L. Collins,Grant N. Marshall,Marc N. Elliott,Annie Jie Zhou,David E. Kanouse,Janina L. Morrison,Sandra H. Berry +9 more
TL;DR: After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress, and clinicians who practice in regions that are far from the recent attacks should be prepared to assist people with trauma-related Symptoms of stress.