Journal ArticleDOI
Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends.
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TLDR
This work has shown clear trends in methodology and theory in clinical reasoning over the past 30 years, and these trends are likely to have changed in the coming years.Abstract:
Background Research in clinical reasoning has been conducted for over 30 years. Throughout this time there have been a number of identifiable trends in methodology and theory.
Purpose This paper identifies three broad research traditions, ordered chronologically, are: (a) attempts to understand reasoning as a general skill − the ‘clinical reasoning' process; (b) research based on probes of memory − reasoning related to the amount of knowledge and memory; and (c) research related to different kinds of mental representations − semantic qualifiers, scripts, schemas and exemplars.
Results and Conclusions Several broad themes emerge from this review. First, there is little evidence that reasoning can be characterised in terms of general process variables. Secondly, it is evident that expertise is associated, not with a single basic representation but with multiple coordinated representations in memory, from causal mechanisms to prior examples. Different representations may be utilised in different circumstances, but little is known about the characteristics of a particular situation that led to a change in strategy.
Implications It becomes evident that expertise lies in the availability of multiple representations of knowledge. Perhaps the most critical aspect of learning is not the acquisition of a particular strategy or skill, nor is it the availability of a particular kind of knowledge. Rather, the critical element may be deliberate practice with multiple examples which, on the hand, facilitates the availability of concepts and conceptual knowledge (i.e. transfer) and, on the other hand, adds to a storehouse of already solved problems.read more
Citations
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American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report
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Journal ArticleDOI
Overconfidence as a cause of diagnostic error in medicine.
Eta S. Berner,Mark L. Graber +1 more
TL;DR: It is argued that physicians in general underappreciate the likelihood that their diagnoses are wrong and that this tendency to overconfidence is related to both intrinsic and systemically reinforced factors.
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Educational Strategies to Promote Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning
TL;DR: This article considers how doctors learn to reason in the clinical environment and recommends practical approaches that clinical teachers can use to promote the development of strong diagnostic reasoning skills in their students.
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The process of problem‐based learning: What works and why.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors portrayed the process of problem-based learning (PBL) as a cognitive endeavour whereby the learner constructs mental models relevant to problems, and two hypotheses are proposed to explain how learning is driven in PBL; an activation-elaboration hypothesis and a situational interest hypothesis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Virtual patients: a critical literature review and proposed next steps.
David A. Cook,Marc M. Triola +1 more
TL;DR: Virtual patients (VPs), which take the form of interactive computer‐based clinical scenarios, may help to reconcile the paradox of increased training expectations and reduced training resources.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action
Barry Checkoway,Donald A. Schön +1 more
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The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action
TL;DR: In this article, the reflective practitioner how professionals think in action arena, searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read.
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Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
TL;DR: Anderson as mentioned in this paper constructs a coherent picture of human cognition, relating neural functions to mental processes, perception to abstraction, representation to meaning, knowledge to skill, language to thought, and adult cognition to child development.
Journal ArticleDOI
Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures
Book
Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures
TL;DR: Schank and Abelson as mentioned in this paper analyzed the conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding, and their analysis of this apparatus is what is what this book is about.