Seismic Performance of Steel Girder Bridges with Ductile Cross Frames Using Single Angle X Braces

TLDR: In this article, large-scale shake table experiments were performed on a straight steel I-girder bridge model to evaluate the performance of a superstructure with ductile end cross frames using single angle X braces.

Abstract: Ductile end cross frames have been proposed in the past as a seismic design and retrofit strategy for steel plate girder bridges. In this paper it is shown that with good connection details, single angles are able to undergo large cyclic deformations in excess of 6% average axial strain before failure occurs. Large-scale shake table experiments were performed on a straight steel I-girder bridge model to evaluate the performance of a superstructure with ductile end cross frames using single angle X braces. The cross frames exhibited no apparent overall strength degradation, but also a comparatively low postyield stiffness, allowing the cross frames to act as effective structural fuses. The measured base shear was 61% of the elastic base shear in response to 2.0 times the El Centro earthquake at an average drift of 3.4%. Large girder drifts were achieved without distress in the deck slab by removing selected studs between the slab and top flange of the girders at the end cross frame locations, with axial deformations in the angles well below their deformation capacity based on component experiments.