Journal ArticleDOI
Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women
TLDR
In this article, a framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens, and three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility, polarization, and assimilation, where tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type.Abstract:
Proportions, that is, relative numbers of socially and culturally different people in a group, are seen as critical in shaping interaction dinamics, and four group types are identified in the basis of varying proportional compositions. "Skewed" groups contain a large preponderance of one type (the numerical "dominants") over another (the rare "tokens"). A framework is developed for conceptualizing the processes that occur between dominants and tokens. Three perceptual phenomena are associated with tokens: visibility (tokens capture a disproportionate awareness share), polarization (differences between tokens and dominants are exaggerated), and assimilation (tokens' attributes are distorted to fit preexisting generalizations about their social type). Visibility generates performance pressures; polarization leads dominants to heighten their group boundaries; and assimilation leads to the tokens' role entrapment. Illustrations are drawn from a field study in a large industrial corporation. Concepts are exten...read more
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Social Identity Theory and the Organization
Blake E. Ashforth,Fred A. Mael +1 more
TL;DR: This article argued that social identification is a perception of oneness with a group of persons, and social identification stems from the categorization of individuals, the distinctiveness and prestige of the group, the salience of outgroups, and the factors that traditionally are associated with group formation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations
TL;DR: In this paper, the scope and range of ethnocentrism in group behavior is discussed. But the focus is on the individual and not on the group as a whole, rather than the entire group.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis
Alice H. Eagly,Blair T. Johnson +1 more
TL;DR: In contrast to the gender-stereotypic expectation that women lead in an interpersonaily oriented style and men in a task-oriented style, female and male leaders did not differ in these two styles in organizational studies as mentioned in this paper.
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Reducing social context cues: electronic mail in organizational communication
Lee Sproull,Sara Kiesler +1 more
TL;DR: It is argued that electronic mail does not simply speed up the exchange of information but leads to the exchangeof new information as well, and much of the information conveyed through electronic mail was information that would not have been conveyed through another medium.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diversity and Higher Education: Theory and Impact on Educational Outcomes
TL;DR: Gurin et al. as mentioned in this paper explored the relationship between students' experiences with diverse peers in the college or university setting and their educational outcomes and presented a framework for understanding how diversity introduces the relational discontinuities critical to identity construction and its subsequent role in fostering cognitive growth.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Dilemmas and Contradictions of Status
TL;DR: The resulting contradictions and dilemmas of status are solved in various ways, some of which are here illustrated.
Book
Men in groups
TL;DR: Men in groups was first published in l969, the New York Times daily critic titled his review "The Disturbing Rediscovery of the Obvious" What was so obvious was male bonding, a phrase that entered the language as mentioned in this paper.