Journal ArticleDOI
Spatial Autocorrelation: Trouble or New Paradigm?
TLDR
The paper discusses first how autocorrelation in ecological variables can be described and measured, and ways are presented of explicitly introducing spatial structures into ecological models, and two approaches are proposed.Abstract:
ilbstract. Autocorrelation is a very general statistical property of ecological variables observed across geographic space; its most common forms are patches and gradients. Spatial autocorrelation. which comes either from the physical forcing of environmental variables or from community processes, presents a problem for statistical testing because autocorrelated data violate the assumption of independence of most standard statistical procedures. The paper discusses first how autocorrelation in ecological variables can be described and measured. with emphasis on mapping techniques. Then. proper statistical testing in the presence of autocorrelation is briefly discussed. Finally. ways are presented of explicitly introducing spatial structures into ecological models. Two approaches are proposed: in the raw-data approach, the spatial structure takes the form of a polynomial of the x and .v geographic coordinates of the sampling stations; in the matrix approach. the spatial structure is introduced in the form of a geographic distance matrix among locations. These two approaches are compared in the concluding section. A table provides a list of computer programs available for spatial analysis.read more
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Book
Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists
Gerry P. Quinn,Michael J. Keough +1 more
TL;DR: An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data is as discussed by the authors, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology
TL;DR: A review of predictive habitat distribution modeling is presented, which shows that a wide array of models has been developed to cover aspects as diverse as biogeography, conservation biology, climate change research, and habitat or species management.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/absence models
Alan H. Fielding,John Bell +1 more
TL;DR: Thirteen recommendations are made to enable the objective selection of an error assessment technique for ecological presence/absence models and a new approach to estimating prediction error, which is based on the spatial characteristics of the errors, is proposed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time
Jane Elith,John R. Leathwick +1 more
TL;DR: Species distribution models (SDMs) as mentioned in this paper are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental estimates, and are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and to predict distributions across landscapes, sometimes requiring extrapolation in space and time.
Journal ArticleDOI
Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data : a review
Carsten F. Dormann,Jana M. McPherson,Miguel B. Araújo,Roger Bivand,Janine Bolliger,Gudrun Carl,Richard G. Davies,Alexandre H. Hirzel,Walter Jetz,W. Daniel Kissling,Ingolf Kühn,Ralf Ohlemüller,Pedro R. Peres-Neto,Björn Reineking,Boris Schröder,Frank M. Schurr,Robert J. Wilson +16 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe six different statistical approaches to infer correlates of species distributions, for both presence/absence (binary response) and species abundance data (poisson or normally distributed response), while accounting for spatial autocorrelation in model residuals: autocovariate regression; spatial eigenvector mapping; generalised least squares; (conditional and simultaneous) autoregressive models and generalised estimating equations.
References
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Journal Article
The Detection of Disease Clustering and a Generalized Regression Approach
TL;DR: The technic to be given below for imparting statistical validity to the procedures already in vogue can be viewed as a generalized form of regression with possible useful application to problems arising in quite different contexts.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern Wisconsin
Roger H. Bray,John T. Curtis +1 more
TL;DR: It is shown that nature of unit variation is a naajor problenl in systematies, and that whether this variation is diserete, continuous, or in some other form, there is a need for appliGation of (uantitative and statistical methods.
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Canonical Correspondence Analysis: A New Eigenvector Technique for Multivariate Direct Gradient Analysis
TL;DR: In this article, a new multivariate analysis technique, called canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), was developed to relate community composition to known variation in the environment, where ordination axes are chosen in the light of known environmental variables by imposing the extra restriction that the axes be linear combinations of environmental variables.
Journal ArticleDOI
Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals
TL;DR: The address of the president of a society, founded largely to further the study of evolution, at the close of the year that marks the centenary of Darwin and Wallace's initial presentation of the theory of natural selection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spatial pattern and ecological analysis
TL;DR: In this article, the spatial heterogeneity of populations and communities plays a central role in many ecological theories, such as succession, adaptation, maintenance of species diversity, community stability, competition, predator-prey interactions, parasitism, epidemics and other natural catastrophes, ergoclines, and so on.