Book ChapterDOI
The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States: A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
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A review of United States resources in a global context finds that the United States could make significant contributions to future rare earth elements (REE, lanthanide elements) production as discussed by the authors.Abstract:
Demand for the rare earth elements (REE, lanthanide elements) is estimated to be increasing at a rate of about 8% per year due to increasing applications in consumer products, computers, automobiles, aircraft, and other advanced technology products. Much of this demand growth is driven by new technologies that increase energy efficiency and substitute away from fossil fuels. Production of these elements is highly concentrated in China, which is reducing its exports of REE raw materials as part of its industrial policy. The ability of the rest of the world to replace supply from China depends on the quality of known REE resources and the degree to which those resources have been explored and evaluated. A review of United States resources in a global context finds that the United States could make significant contributions to future REE production. Aside from two advanced projects in the United States and Australia, however, there are no REE projects advanced enough to meet short-term demand.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluating rare earth element availability: a case with revolutionary demand from clean technologies
Elisa Alonso,Andrew M. Sherman,Timothy J. Wallington,Mark P. Everson,Frank R. Field,Richard Roth,Randolph Kirchain +6 more
TL;DR: Upper and lower bound usage projections for REE in automotive and wind applications were developed to evaluate the state of future REE supply availability and identify some key variables that could affect future rare earth markets and market behavior.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of rare earths (REs) availability has also been discussed, and it has been shown that 97% of the global supply of REMs is produced by China, that has recently done copious cuts of its exports, apparently in order to protect its environment.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals
TL;DR: The only rare earth bearing minerals that have been extracted on a commercial scale are bastnasite, monazite, and xenotime, and these minerals may be beneficiated using gravity, magnetic, electrostatic and flotation separation techniques as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Addressing the terawatt challenge: scalability in the supply of chemical elements for renewable energy
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the availability of all elements and their potential future availability based on current and possible future primary sources, as a measure of availability at the present time.
Journal ArticleDOI
Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals
TL;DR: A review of the methods used for the recovery of rare earth metals from primary as well as secondary resources, with special attention to the hydrometallurgical techniques, consisting of leaching with acids and alkalis followed by solvent extraction, ion exchange or precipitation as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths
C. K. Gupta,N. Krishnamurthy +1 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the extractive metallurgy of rare earths can be found in this article, where the topics covered are: world rare earth resources and production; ore processing and separation of individual rare earth elements; reduction, refining, and ultrapurification of rare Earth elements; methods for rare earth materials analysis; and a selection of the numerous rare earth applications.
Book
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