Journal ArticleDOI
Toward an improved need theory: In response to legitimate criticism
TLDR
The concept of need applies to strains produced by stresses upon all living systems as mentioned in this paper, and it is defined as "the status of various matter-energy and information resources in accordance with the purposes of the system".Abstract:
The concept of need applies to strains produced by stresses upon all living systems. Adjustment processes are directed toward the reduction of needs. Although Miller (1978) defined needs as drives, current usage is more closely related to his concept of lack. Needs represent the status of various matter-energy and information resources in accordance with the purposes of the system. Thus, the input, output, and storage subsystems are involved. Needs are also linked by theory to the decider subsystem
Current popular theories of human needs suffer from many defects that threaten to undermine other need-based theories. Need is not well defined in these theories, descriptions of specific needs and need categories are ambiguous, the origin of needs is disputed, and empirical evidence offers at best only partial support for need hierarchies. A need concept properly grounded in living systems theory would correct these and other defects. Such a concept is presented, and its implications for research, for the notion of a need hierarchy, and for other need-based theories are examined.read more
Citations
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The Achieving Society
TL;DR: The authors argued that cultural customs and motivations, especially the motivation for achievement, are the major catalysts of economic growth and proposed a plan to accelerate economic growth in developing countries by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries.
Journal ArticleDOI
An evaluation of needs in elderly continuing-care settings.
Mark D. Martin,Geraldine Hancock,Barbora Richardson,Peter Simmons,Cornelius Katona,Eleanor Mullan,Martin Orrell +6 more
TL;DR: There is a substantial need for specialist services to address the unmet needs in these two types of continuing-care settings, such as interventions for social disturbances in NC and suitable daytime activities in RC.
Journal ArticleDOI
The needs and mental health of older people in 24-hour care residential placements.
Martin Fahy,Gill Livingston +1 more
TL;DR: The data suggests that once placed, subjects needs and neuropsychiatric symptoms do not remain static and the development of more residential settings, which allow flexibility of degree of care, is recommended.
Journal ArticleDOI
Applications of living systems theory to the study of management and organizational behavior
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the literature of applications of living systems theory to the fields of management and organizational behavior, and provide many examples of benefits to researchers and managers, including cross-level comparisons and analysis of interaction between systems at different levels.
References
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Book
The Achieving Society
TL;DR: This paper argued that cultural customs and motivations, especially the motivation for achievement, are the major catalysts of economic growth and proposed a plan to accelerate economic growth in developing countries by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries.
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The Achieving Society
TL;DR: This article argued that cultural customs and motivations, especially the motivation for achievement, are the major catalysts of economic growth and proposed a plan to accelerate economic growth in developing countries by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries.
Book
The motivation to work
TL;DR: Motivation and performance are not merely dependent upon environmental needs and external rewards as discussed by the authors, but instead, satisfaction came most often from factors intrinsic to work: achievements, job recognition, and work that was challenging, interesting, and responsible.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toward an understanding of inequity.
TL;DR: A special case of Festinger's cognitive dissonance, the theory specifies the conditions under which inequity will arise and the means by which it may be reduced or eliminated as discussed by the authors.
Book
Principles of behavior modification
TL;DR: In psychotherapy, the subject matter is the person's behavior as mentioned in this paper, which is the only class of events that can be altered through psychological procedures, and therefore it is a meaningful subject matter of psychotherapy.