Water and plant life : problems and modern approaches

TLDR: Fundamentals of Plant Water Relations and Transpiration, a Physiological Model for Steady-state Stomatal Responses to Environment, and future research Directions.

Abstract: 1 Fundamentals of Plant Water Relations- Preface- A The Structure of Water in the Biological Cell- I Introduction- II Evidence for Structured Aqueous Boundary Layers- III Thermal Anomalies in Biological Tissues- IV Properties of Aqueous Electrolyte Layers- V Conclusions- References- B The States of Water in the Plant-Theoretical Consideration- I Introduction- II Physiological Importance of Processes and Properties Involving Water- III Metabolism and Water Relations- IV Conclusions- References- C The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum- I Introduction- II Description of the Turgor Pressure as a Function of Environmental Variables- III Water Flow in the SPAC as a Link Between Plant and Environment- IV The Solute-free Transport System- V Effects of Solutes in the SPAC- VI Changes in Resistances or Potential Differences- VII Conclusions- References- D The Water Status in the Plant-Experimental Evidence- I Introduction- II Current Methods for the Determination of Total Water Potential and Its Components- III The Range of Water Potentials Hitherto Determined and the Continuum Conditions Favoring Extreme Values- IV The Component Potentials Adjusting Total Water Potential in the Plant Body: Ranges and Changes- V Why does Water Potential in a Plant Change?- VI Conclusions- References- 2 Water Uptake and Soil Water Relations- Preface- A Root Extension and Water Absorption- I Introduction- II Water Movement Through the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum: Limitations in the Liquid Phase- III Root Extension and Facilitation of Water Uptake in Unexplored Soil Regions- IV Root Extension Within the Rooted Zone: A Case for Avoidance of Localized Rhizospheric Resistances- V Conclusions- References- B Resistance to Water Flow in the Roots of Cereals- I Introduction- II Anatomy of Cereal Roots- III Zone of Water Absorption- IV Forces Causing Flow of Water- V Resistance to Flow- VI Effect of Root Resistance on Withdrawal of Water from the Soil- VII Conclusions- References- C Soil Water Relations and Water Exchange of Forest Ecosystems- I Introduction- II Water Balance- III Fundamental Equations and Principles- IV Simulation of Evapotranspiration and Percolation- V Conclusions- References- 3 Transpiration and Its Regulation- Preface- A Energy Exchange and Transpiration- I Introduction- II Gas Diffusion- III Energy Balance- IV Transpiration- V Wind Speed Influence- VI Leaf Temperature Affected by Transpiration- VII Conclusions- References- B Water Permeability of Cuticular Membranes- I Introduction- II Cuticular Transpiration-Early Observations and Hypotheses- III The Concept of the Polar Pathway Through Lipid Membranes- IV Conclusions- References- C Physiological Basis of Stomatal Response- I Introduction- II Biochemical Processes Leading to Movement- III Conclusions: Ability of the Mechanism to Explain the Known Facts- References- D Current Perspectives of Steady-state Stomatal Responses to Environment- I Introduction- II Measurement of Stomatal Responses to Environment- III Steady-state Stomatal Responses to Environment- IV Stomatal Responses to Diurnal Changes in Environment- V Conclusions and Future Research Directions- References- E Water Uptake, Storage and Transpiration by Conifers: A Physiological Model- I Introduction- II Description of the Model- III Applications- IV Conclusions- References- 4 Direct and Indirect Water Stress- Preface- A Water Stress, Ultrastructure and Enzymatic Activity- I Introduction- II Effects of Water Stress on Hydrolytic Enzymatic Activity- III Effects of Water Stress on the Ultrastructure of the Cell- IV Relationships of Ultrastructural Alteration and Hydrolytic Enzyme Decompartmentation and Activation, with Alteration of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Metabolism- V Conclusions- References- B Water Stress and Hormonal Response- I Introduction- II Endogenous Hormonal Changes Due to Water Stress- III The Physiological Significance of Hormonal Effects- IV A Hypothetical Model for the Role of Hormones in Plant Adaptation to Water Stress- V Conclusions- References- C Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism Under Water Stress- I Introduction- II Carbon Metabolism Under Water Stress- III Nitrogen Metabolism Under Water Stress- IV Biochemical Aspects of Desiccation Resistance- V Conclusions- References- D Water Stress During Freezing- I Introduction- II Frost Injury- III Frost Resistance- IV Conclusions- References- E Cell Permeability and Water Stress- I Introduction- II Principles of Cell Permeability- III Quantitative Determination of Permeability- IV Alterations of Cell Permeability by the Plant Water Deficit- V Possible Mechanisms for Changes in Cell Permeability by Plant Water Stress- VI Conclusions- References- F Water Stress and Dynamics of Growth and Yield of Crop Plants- I Introduction- II Overview of Growth and Yield as Affected by Water- III Some Behavior Observed in the Field- IV Concluding Remarks- References- 5 Water Relations and CO2 Fixation Types- Preface- A Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM): CO2 and Water Economy- I Introduction- II Carbon Metabolism of CAM Plants- III Gas Exchange of CAM Plants- IV Ecological Aspects of CAM- V Conclusions- References- B Balance Between C3 and CAM Pathway of Photosynthesis- I Introduction- II Adaptation to Salinity- III Environmental Control of Photosynthetic Pathways- IV Regulation of the Balance between C3 and CAM- V Ecological Aspects- References- C C4 Pathway and Regulation of the Balance Between C4 and C3 Metabolism- I Introduction- II Carbon Metabolism of C4 Plants- III General Characteristics of C4 Plants- IV Factors Affecting Shift- V Natural C3-C4 Intermediates- VI Ecological Implications- VII Conclusions- References- D Ecophysiology of C4 Grasses- I Introduction- II Environmental Conditions- III Physiological Responses to Environmental Conditions- IV Ecological Implications- V Conclusions: Future Research- References- 6 Water Relations and Productivity- Preface- A The Use of Correlation Models to Predict Primary Productivity from Precipitation or Evapotranspiration- I Introduction- II Construction of Correlation Models and Geographical Patterns (Surfaces)- III Some Examples of Correlation Models of Net Primary Productivity versus Water Factor- IV Accuracy of Correlation Models- V Conclusions- References- B The Use of Simulation Models for Productivity Studies in Arid Regions- I Introduction- II The Structure of the Model- III Description of the Model ARID CROP- IV Validation of the Model- V Application of the Model- VI Conclusions- References- C Irrigation and Water Use Efficiency- I Introduction- II Efficiency of Water Supply- III Transpiration/Photosynthesis Relationships- IV Some Agronomic Aspects- V Conclusions- References- D Estimating Water Status and Biomass of Plant Communities by Remote Sensing- I Introduction- II Water Stress, Reflectance, and Temperature of Single Leaves- III Reflectance and Biomass of Communities- IV Conclusions- References- E Plant Production in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas- I Introduction- II Survey of Phytomass, Net Annual and Relative Annual Production of Some Main Vegetation Units of the Globe- III Phytomass and Production of Some Arid and Semi-Arid Vegetation Units and their Annual Fluctuations- IV Permanent Phytomass- V Potential Production- VI Recovery- VII Conclusions- References- F Water Content and Productivity of Lichens- I Introduction- II Productivity of Lichens- III Water Relations of Lichens- IV Thallus Water Content and Physiological Response- V Conclusions: Water Relations and Productivity-a Synthesis- References- 7 Water and Vegetation Patterns- Preface- A Water Relations and Alpine Timberline- I Introduction- II Water Relations of Trees at the Timberline- III Causes of Winter Desiccation of Trees at Timberline- IV Conclusions: Ecophysiological Analysis of the Alpine Timberline and its Dynamics- References- B The Water Factor and Convergent Evolution in Mediterranean-type Vegetation- I Introduction- II Environmental Stresses in Mediterranean-type Climates- III Ecological Significance of Leaf Structure- IV Seasonal Patterns of Photosynthesis, Water Relations and Productivity- V Evolutionary Consequences of Mediterranean-type Environmental Stresses- VI Conclusions- References- C The Water-Photosynthesis Syndrome and the Geographical Plant Distribution in the Saharan Deserts- I Introduction- II The Floristic and Physiognomic Aspects of the Sahara- III The Water-Photosynthesis Syndrome in the Northern and in the Southern Sahara- IV Holarctic and Palaeotropic Constitution Types- V Conclusions- References- Index of Plant Species