Open Access
What have the difference scores not been telling us? A critique of the use of self-ideal discrepancy in the assessment of body image and evaluation of an alternative
Guy Cafri,P. Van Den Berg,Michael T. Brannick +2 more
- Vol. 17, pp 361
TLDR
The methodological problems are outlined and an alternative framework is discussed, which consists of a minimum of testing the constraints implied by the difference score model, and at most evaluating more exact body image hypotheses by incorporating nonlinear terms in a regression and testing features of the response surface.Abstract:
Difference scores are often used as a means of assessing body image satisfaction using silhouette scales. Unfortunately, difference scores suffer from numerous potential methodological problems, including reduced reliability, ambiguity, confounded effects, untested constraints, and dimensional reduction. In this article, the methodological problems are outlined and an alternative framework is discussed. The alternative consists of a minimum of testing the constraints implied by the difference score model, and at most evaluating more exact body image hypotheses by incorporating nonlinear terms in a regression and testing features of the response surface. Two empirical examples are used to illustrate the utility of these methods. The first example uses both polynomial regression and response surface methods to examine eating disorder outcomes, whereas the second example uses polynomial regression to examine the outcomes related to muscle dysmorphia. Directions for future research related to assessment of body image are discussed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Body Dissatisfaction in Individuals with Obesity Compared to Normal-Weight Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
TL;DR: The findings underline the severity of body dissatisfaction among individuals with obesity and especially among women.
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When what you see is what you get: The consequences of the objectifying gaze for women and men.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the objectifying gaze on math performance, interaction motivation, body surveillance, body shame, and body dissatisfaction were examined in an experiment with a trained confederate of the other sex.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reaction time in differential and developmental research: A review and commentary on the problems and alternatives.
TL;DR: Evaluated issues—unreliability and sensitivity to speed–accuracy interactions—are identified and focus on and encourage researchers comparing individuals of differing cognitive and developmental levels to strongly consider using alternatives in lieu of RT, specifically RT difference scores.
Journal ArticleDOI
Body image, physical activity, and sport: A scoping review
TL;DR: In this article, a scoping review explored the associations between physical activity, sport, and body image, concluding that positive body image was associated with greater participation in physical activity and sport.
Journal ArticleDOI
Weight-related actual and ideal self-states, discrepancies, and shame, guilt, and pride: examining associations within the process model of self-conscious emotions.
TL;DR: Examination of associations between women's actual and ideal weight self-discrepancies and experiences of weight-related shame, guilt, and authentic pride using self- Discrepancy and self-conscious emotion theories as guiding frameworks provides partial support for self-Discrepancy theory and the process model of self- conscious emotions.
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Subjective Well-Being
TL;DR: The literature on subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect, is reviewed in three areas: measurement, causal factors, and theory.