Does glycerol reacts with acid?4 answersYes, glycerol reacts with acid. Glycerol forms esters with various inorganic acids such as hydrogen halides, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitrous, nitric, and boric acids. It can also undergo etherification with alcohols in the presence of acidic catalysts, resulting in the production of value-added chemicals. Additionally, glycerol can undergo acid-catalyzed reactions with aqueous formaldehyde to produce glycerol formal. The esterification of glycerol with acetic acid has been studied, and it is found to be thermodynamically favored. Furthermore, glycerol can be transformed into glycerol acetates through direct esterification with acetic acid.
Are there any reactions that use sodium chlorate?5 answersSodium chlorate (NaClO3) is used as an oxidant in various reactions. It has been demonstrated to be an efficient and versatile oxidant in catalytic C–H activation reactions, such as the oxidative annulation of aryl sulfonamides with alkynes. NaClO3 has also been used in the catalytic C—H activation of N-(8-quinolyl) substituted sulfonamides, resulting in the formation of sultams. Additionally, NaClO3 has been utilized in the oxidation of tertiary amines to lactams, providing good selectivity and high yield. These reactions highlight the potential of NaClO3 as a cheap and environmentally friendly oxidant, as it eliminates the need for transition-metal catalysts and buffer salts, allowing for safe and benign reaction conditions.
Why cannot copper react with hydrochloride?3 answersCopper cannot react with hydrochloric acid because it forms a complex ion with hydrochloric acid, which prevents the reaction from occurring. The complex ion of copper with hydrochloric acid can be determined spectrophotometrically using the very near infrared absorption of the complex ion. The method proposed in the paper by Davis and Hershenson involves oxidizing any interfering stannous and ferrous ions with nitric acid or ammonium persulfate to avoid interference in the determination of copper. This method is simple, rapid, and capable of providing reasonably good precision and accuracy in determining copper.
What is the standard reaction enthalpy of acetic acid?5 answersThe standard reaction enthalpy of acetic acid is not explicitly mentioned in the abstracts provided.
How does sodium hydroxide react with other chemicals?5 answersSodium hydroxide reacts with different chemicals in various ways. In the production of sodium hydroxide, quicklime and sodium bicarbonate are mixed together and stirred to rapidly react and produce sodium hydroxide. The concentration of sodium hydroxide affects the catalytic activity of skeletal nickel in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of sodium maleate. Sodium hydroxide can also be solidified at a low temperature by heat-treating a NaOH-including glycol-based complex under reduced pressure and extracting the glycol with an organic solvent. In the regeneration recycling method of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate salt is converted to sodium bicarbonate by adjusting the pH value and then causticized with lime to obtain a regenerated sodium hydroxide solution. Sodium hydroxide can influence the stereoselectivity of hydrogenolytic asymmetric transaminations, resulting in different optical yields of amino acids.
How does acetic acid reactivity as a catalyst in the bromination of valine contribute to electrophilic substitution chemical reactions?1 answersAcetic acid, as a catalyst in the bromination of valine, contributes to electrophilic substitution chemical reactions by providing a Lewis acid catalysis effect. The use of acetic acid as a catalyst allows for alternative procedures in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, such as bromination, without the need for traditional Lewis acid catalysts like aluminium chloride. Acetic acid can act as a Lewis acid by accepting electron pairs from the valine molecule, facilitating the formation of a bromonium ion intermediate. This intermediate can then undergo nucleophilic attack by bromide ions, leading to the substitution of a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom on the valine molecule. The reactivity of acetic acid as a catalyst in bromination reactions can be further enhanced by the presence of ortho-chloro-substituents, which promote direct p-orbital overlap between the chlorine atom and the incipient carbocation.