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How can wearable antennas be made more efficient? 

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Rectenna
Identification (biology)
Metamaterial antenna
Antenna efficiency
Best insight from top research papers

Wearable antennas can be made more efficient through various methods. One approach is to use miniaturized antennas in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, which can receive power with higher efficiency compared to UHF bands . Another method is the use of the triple transmission lines (TTLs) technique, which increases both the gain and bandwidth of the antenna simultaneously . Additionally, the integration of efficient passive and active antennas, along with the use of amplifiers, can improve the efficiency of communication systems . Another way to enhance efficiency is by designing antennas that distribute the field within the tissue, such as a layered stacked-patch design, which increases the radiation efficiency . Furthermore, selectively embroidered antenna structures can be used as a viable alternative to metallized fabric-based antennas, providing a practical means of improving efficiency .

Answers from top 5 papers

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Papers (5)Insight
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
Millimeter Wave Power Transmission for Compact and Large-Area Wearable IoT Devices based on a Higher-Order Mode Wearable Antenna
Mahmoud Wagih, Geoffrey S Hilton, Alex S. Weddell, Steve Beeby 
25 Aug 2021-IEEE Internet of Things Journal
16 Citations
Wearable antennas can be made more efficient by utilizing dual-resonant structures and orthogonal modes, as well as using power combining with orthogonally-positioned antennas.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI
New Compact Wearable Metamaterials Circular Patch Antennas for IoT, Medical and 5G Applications
Albert Sabban
08 Oct 2020
7 Citations
Wearable antennas can be made more efficient by using compact passive and active antennas, integrating the antenna feed network, and connecting amplifiers to the printed antenna feed line.
Journal Article•DOI
A simple method to simultaneously increase the gain and bandwidth of wearable antennas for application in medical/communications systems
Farzad Khajeh-Khalili, Ali Shahriari, Fatemeh Haghshenas 
01 May 2021-International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies
9 Citations
Wearable antennas can be made more efficient by using the triple transmission lines (TTLs) method, which increases both the gain and bandwidth simultaneously.
Journal Article•DOI
Embroidered Ground Planes for Wearable Antennas
Sree Pramod Pinapati, Shengjian Jammy Chen, Joshua Brittain, A. Caldow, Christophe Fumeaux 
01 Jun 2022-IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology
2 Citations
Wearable antennas can be made more efficient by using selectively embroidered structures that can replace purely metallized fabric-based antennas.
Journal Article•DOI
Wearable Antennas for Human Identification at 2.45 GHz
Waqar Saadat, Sumit A. Raurale, Gareth A. Conway, John McAllister 
25 Jun 2021-IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
6 Citations
Wearable antennas can be made more efficient by using a layered stacked-patch design, which increases the radiation efficiency to 27%.

Related Questions

What is specification of wearable antenna?9 answersThe specifications of wearable antennas, as detailed across various research contexts, highlight their diverse designs, operational frequencies, materials, and applications in the realm of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). A textile-based multiband antenna designed on a flexible cotton substrate operates over frequencies of 5.6GHz, 7.4GHz, and 9.0GHz, with dimensions of 50x60x2 mm^3, showcasing good performance in terms of gain, bandwidth, and flexibility, making it suitable for Wi-Fi, Radio altimeters, 5G, and Satellite applications. Another miniaturized wearable antenna offers five band-notched characteristics, covering the entire UWB spectrum from 2.56 to 12.7 GHz, except for specific notch bands, and is designed on a Rogers 5880 substrate with dimensions of 30x25x0.508 mm^3, demonstrating its utility in medical development by reducing the need for hand swiping cards. A flexible transmitter for wearable applications, utilizing a cotton substrate and operating at a resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz, emphasizes the importance of portability, gain, bandwidth, and body compatibility, with dimensions of 60x70x2 mm^3. A dual-band antenna designed on a cotton jean substrate resonates in the ISM band at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, offering unidirectional radiation patterns and gains suitable for wearable applications, while maintaining SAR values within safe limits. A planar monopole antenna with a circular patch operates at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz, showing improved performance with the addition of a UC-EBG structure, indicating its potential in telemedicine within the ISM band. Lastly, a dual-band wearable monopole antenna, featuring a unique F-shaped monopole and an inverted L-shaped stub, operates at 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz, with dimensions of 18.5x10.5x0.644 mm^3, suitable for on-body and off-body wireless communication applications. These specifications collectively underscore the advancements in wearable antenna technology, catering to a wide range of applications with emphasis on flexibility, biocompatibility, and efficient performance.
What literature review for mmwave antenna for wearable application?4 answersWearable antennas for mmwave applications are a topic of interest in the literature. One paper discusses the advantages of using millimeter wave frequencies in wireless body area networks (WBANs) and presents a novel millimeter wave antenna design for wearable applications. Another paper presents a fully additively manufactured flexible wearable dual band antenna for 5G/mmwave biomedical applications, with operational frequencies at 28GHz and 38GHz. Similarly, a different paper proposes a single port conformal antenna for wearable applications, emphasizing flexibility and unobtrusiveness. These papers highlight the need for wearable antennas to cover higher frequencies, maintain flexibility, and be suitable for various applications such as sports, medical, and fitness purposes. The use of different materials and fabrication techniques, such as inkjet printing and 3D printing, are explored to achieve these goals.
What are the frequency bands for wearable antennas?5 answersWearable antennas operate in the frequency bands of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz.
How wearable can be powered?5 answersWearables can be powered using energy-harvesting technologies, such as thermoelectric materials that convert body heat into electricity. Other methods include using flexible thin-film solar cells to convert solar energy into electric energy, and using piezoelectric polymer materials that generate electricity from mechanical vibrations. To establish stable physical connections between the power source and the wearable device, methods like attaching a flexible PCB to fabric and constructing on-fabric conductive traces have been proposed and tested. Machine-sewn conductive thread has been found to be the most efficient method with the least resistance, while buttons provide detachability. For on-fabric conductive traces, a couching method reinforced with a conductive ribbon has shown the best performance in terms of resistivity and power loss. These advancements in energy-harvesting technologies and design solutions enable the development of self-powered wearable devices.
How can the efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna be improved?5 answersThe efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna can be improved through various techniques. One approach is to use an antenna array, such as a 4x1 or 8x1 array, which can increase gain, bandwidth, and directivity. Another method is to use different feeding techniques, such as inset feed, co-axial feed, aperture feed, proximity feed, or CPW feed, to improve antenna performance in terms of S11 parameter, bandwidth, gain, and radiation pattern. Additionally, the use of different substrates, such as FR-4, GaAs, polyethene, and plexiglass, can enhance the performance of the antenna in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, and power density. Furthermore, loading metamaterial-based split-ring resonators on the patch and ground plane can also improve antenna performance. These techniques contribute to the miniaturization, multiband operation, and cost-effectiveness of microstrip patch antennas, making them suitable for various wireless communication applications.
What are the challenges in designing wearable antennas?5 answersThe challenges in designing wearable antennas include the need for technical functionality while also being aesthetically acceptable and suitable for clothing applications. The transition from a classic coaxial line into a waveguide is a specific challenge that needs to be addressed. Additionally, the antennas should be wearable, conformal, and made of lightweight materials to ensure comfort and low-profile arrangement when attached to the human body. The use of conductive textiles and fabric in antenna design introduces further challenges in terms of manufacturing processes and maintaining performance. The antennas should also be able to operate near the body without degradation and consider the impact of body binding scenarios on performance. Overall, the design of wearable antennas requires addressing these technical, aesthetic, and practical challenges to create functional and integrated solutions for body-centric communication and sensor systems.

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