Hashing algorithms in cryptography4 answersHashing algorithms play a crucial role in cryptography by providing secure and efficient methods for data protection and information security. Various algorithms have been proposed and studied in the field, including homomorphic hashing based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), genetic algorithms and evolutionary methods, VLSI based cryptographic hash algorithms such as Blake, MD5, and SHA, parallel algorithms for tree-based hash functions, and the design and security analysis of block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. These algorithms aim to enhance security, improve efficiency, and address the challenges posed by evolving technologies and increasing data volumes. The research in this area focuses on developing new encryption features, evaluating algorithm performance, and exploring the potential of parallelism and genetic algorithms for cryptographic applications.
How does the youtube algorithm works?4 answersThe YouTube algorithm is a combination of programmed directives from engineers along with learned behaviors that have evolved through the opaque process of machine learning which makes the algorithm’s directives and programming hard to understand. Self-styled algorithmic experts claim to know how algorithms “actually work,” but their knowledge is largely speculative. YouTube has grown significantly as a social media sharing site and has become popular all around the world. In this paper, a YouTube recommendation algorithm is proposed that uses users' social category for more accurate and meaningful recommendations. YouTube is often said to be the second largest search engine in the world after Google itself. The popularity dynamics of YouTube videos highly depend on meta-tags, number of view counts, and social dynamics. Personalization algorithms on YouTube tailor search results and content to web users’ interests and past behavior on the Web. The methodology used in this research project studies how personalization algorithms affect YouTube users’ experience of the website.
What are the benefits of using bcrypt over other password hashing algorithms?5 answersThe bcrypt algorithm offers several benefits over other password hashing algorithms. It provides strong password storage security, making it difficult for attackers to utilize compromised data in credential-stuffing attacks or other attack vectors. Bcrypt is more resistant to simple attacks like brute force compared to algorithms such as SHA-256 and MD5. Bcrypt uses random salts, which prevent the creation of lookup tables and enhance security. It also has a cost factor and salt value, further increasing its resistance to brute force attacks. In comparison, SHA-256 hashing algorithms, including SHA-256 with salt and MD5 chaining, are easily susceptible to simple attacks and should not be used in a production environment. Overall, the bcrypt algorithm provides robust password security and is highly effective in warding off brute force attacks.
How does Shor's algorithm work?5 answersShor's algorithm is a quantum computing algorithm that can factor large numbers exponentially faster than classical algorithms. The algorithm works by reducing the problem of factoring a large number to finding the order of an integer, and then applying the Fourier transform. It has greatly influenced the development of quantum computing and has the potential to crack RSA cryptosystems. Shor's algorithm is a polynomial time factoring algorithm that works on a quantum computer, which utilizes quantum mechanical phenomena to solve problems. A scalable version of Shor's algorithm has been demonstrated, where the qubit control register is replaced by a single qubit that is recycled multiple times, reducing the number of required qubits. Additionally, a proposal for a compiled version of Shor's algorithm based on a quantum-wire network has been investigated, showing near-ideal algorithm performance and efficiency.
How does the CART algorithm work?5 answersThe CART algorithm is a binary recursive partitioning algorithm used for concept induction. It works by recursively partitioning the measurement space and displaying the resulting partitions as decision trees. The algorithm starts with a parent node containing all the observations in the dataset and splits it into two child nodes based on a chosen variable. This process is repeated for each child node, treating them as parent nodes and splitting them further until a stopping criterion is met. The algorithm seeks to find the best splits that maximize the homogeneity within each resulting subgroup. To avoid overfitting, CART employs cross-validation or the .632 bootstrap technique for tree selection and error estimation. The resulting decision tree can be used for prediction or inference in various fields such as finance, marketing, psychology, and management research.
How does blockchain technology work?5 answersBlockchain technology works by allowing users to record and share a common view of a system's state across a distributed network. It enables peer-to-peer value transfer, shared trusted registries, and securely executable agreements through smart contracts. Blockchain is a decentralized platform that eliminates the need for a central mediating authority and ensures the tamper-proof storage of transaction records. Transactions are verified by all nodes in the network through a consensus-based governance system. The technology is being adopted and implemented in various domains such as cryptocurrency, healthcare, banking, and more. Consensus protocols play a crucial role in ensuring security and fault tolerance in blockchain systems. There are two broad categories of consensus protocols: probabilistic finality and absolute finality. Blockchain technology offers benefits such as decentralization, immutability, auditability, transparency, and cryptographic security, but there are still challenges to be addressed before its wide adoption.