< 1000 CFU/g in yeast and mold count indicates?4 answersA yeast and mold count of < 1000 CFU/g typically indicates a relatively low level of contamination in food products. Various methods, such as the 3M Petrifilm RYM Count Plate, Soleris yeast and mold method, and plate count techniques, are utilized to enumerate yeast and mold in different food matrices. For instance, the Soleris method has a limit of detection of 10 CFU/g when using a specific sample homogenate volume. In the case of Candida bloodstream infections, studies have shown that over 50% of cultures had ≤1 CFU/ml, which poses challenges for DNA-based diagnostics due to low organism density. Therefore, a yeast and mold count below 1000 CFU/g is generally considered to be a low level of contamination in food products, indicating a relatively clean sample.
What is the ideal carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio for higher bacteria population in wastewater?5 answersThe ideal carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio for promoting a higher bacteria population in wastewater treatment varies depending on the specific technology and system. In the context of ANAMMOX-mediated systems, a C:N ratio of 1.0 led to almost complete removal of NH4+ -N and an increase in ANAMMOX bacteria population. On the other hand, in suspended growth bioreactors (SGBRs) utilizing biofloc technology, influent C:N ratios equal to or greater than 15 improved water quality and biomass concentrations. Additionally, for submerged membrane bioreactors (SMBRs), adjusting the influent C:N ratio gradually enhanced microbial diversity and nitrogen removal performance. In the case of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) bioconversion, efficient bacterial proliferation was observed within a C:N ratio range of 400–2, with reliable pollutant removal. Lastly, in bioelectrochemical systems with denitrifying biocathodes, lower C:N ratios, such as 4 and 8, were found to improve nitrogen removal performance.
What is the recommended Carbon/Nitrogen ratio for composting?3 answersThe recommended Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) ratio for composting varies depending on the specific context. In the studies reviewed, the optimal C/N ratios ranged from 10:1 to 35:1. Other studies suggested a range of 20-30:1. Additionally, maintaining the ratio of hydrosoluble carbon and hydrosoluble nitrogen (HC/HN) within the optimal range through continuous urea addition was found to accelerate composting. It was also recommended to have a minimum content of water-extractable nitrogen (WEN) of 0.4% w/w or a total organic carbon to WEN ratio (TOC/WEN) in the range of 40-80 to ensure the correct development of the composting process and produce high-quality compost. Overall, the recommended C/N ratio for composting can vary depending on the specific waste materials and conditions, and it is important to consider other factors such as HC/HN ratio and WEN content for optimal composting.
What are the growth characteristics of saccharomyces cerevisiae on biomass?5 answersSaccharomyces cerevisiae strains have been evaluated for their growth characteristics on biomass. The Y9 strain demonstrated rapid growth and the highest ethanol yields on both biomass and glucose. The growth and ethanol production performances of the strains were also determined on various agro-industrial wastes and biological residues. The study showed that suspension cultures of S. cerevisiae were highly tolerant to ethanol, but their growth ability decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. The effect of individual environmental conditions on the specific growth rate of S. cerevisiae was also investigated, and it was found that pH, pO2, temperature, salinity, and concentration of ethanol, propanol, tryptone, and yeast extract influenced the growth rate and ethanol production. The review of current approaches for optimizing metabolic processes in S. cerevisiae strains highlighted the need to improve fermentation of pentasaccharides derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
What is the significance of carbon and nitrogen source in cellulase enzyme production?5 answersThe choice of carbon and nitrogen sources plays a significant role in cellulase enzyme production. Different carbon sources, such as agricultural solid waste residue, coconut cake waste, and cocoa pod husk, have been found to enhance cellulase production. On the other hand, certain carbon sources like lactose, CMC, and starch can inhibit cellulase activity. Similarly, the selection of nitrogen sources is crucial for cellulase production. Inorganic nitrogen sources like ammonium sulphate and nitrate have been shown to stimulate cellulase activity. However, ammonium sources in the form of nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate can be inhibitory for cellulase production. The use of low-cost nitrogen sources, such as green seaweed, has also been explored as an alternative to conventional nitrogen sources, reducing enzyme production costs. Overall, the optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources is essential for maximizing cellulase enzyme production.
What are the effects of different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on the composting process?2 answersDifferent carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios have various effects on the composting process. The proportion of starting materials used in the composting mixture influences the degradation of organic matter, nitrogen dynamics, and toxicity on germinating plants. A higher proportion of food waste in the composting mixture leads to better conditions for microbiological development and shorter time to obtain matured compost. On the other hand, a higher proportion of bulking agents results in favorable conditions for household handling and less potential for environmental impacts. In the case of wastewater treatment, the type of organic matter and C/N ratio affect the simultaneous anammox and denitrification (SAD) process. A desirable nitrogen removal efficiency is achieved at different C/N ratios depending on the carbon source used. Glucose-driven reactors are more stable and resistant to high C/N ratios compared to acetate-driven reactors. In summary, the C/N ratio plays a crucial role in the composting process, influencing the degradation of organic matter, nitrogen dynamics, microbial development, and overall stability of the process.