What is the differnce between steady-state standing and steady state running kinetics?4 answersSteady-state enzyme kinetics refers to the study of enzyme catalysis after multiple catalytic events have occurred. It provides information on the overall catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity of an enzyme. On the other hand, pre-steady-state kinetics focuses on the early binding and catalytic events that occur in the millisecond timeframe before steady-state is reached. It provides insights into the initial steps of enzyme catalysis and can reveal details about the mechanism of the reaction. While steady-state kinetics may lack some of the information provided by pre-steady-state kinetics, it is more relevant for studying enzymatic reactions in metabolic pathways where multiple rounds of substrate conversion occur. In summary, steady-state kinetics examines the overall behavior of an enzyme after multiple catalytic events, while pre-steady-state kinetics focuses on the initial steps of enzyme catalysis.
What is steady shear rheological?4 answersSteady shear rheological refers to the behavior of complex fluids under a constant shear rate. It is a widely used deformation type to characterize complex fluids in rheological studies and is commonly observed in fluid transport through pipes or conduits. In steady shear flow, the rheological properties of a complex fluid can be completely characterized by three material functions: shear viscosity, first normal-stress difference, and second normal-stress difference. However, the second normal-stress difference (N2) is often neglected in shear-flow rheological characterizations, even though it may be of importance in various flows and complex fluids. The neglect of N2 is justified for dilute polymer solutions but may not be safe for a range of complex fluids, including polymer solutions outside the dilute regime and melts. Experimental techniques and theoretical predictions have been proposed to measure and understand N2 for different complex fluids.
What are the application of steady state groundwater modelling?4 answersSteady state groundwater modeling has various applications. It can be used to detect the effect of pumping on groundwater flow and aquifer productivity. It is also useful for studying the behavior of groundwater systems in arid aquifers, even in cases with irregular boundaries. Groundwater flow simulations in steady-state conditions can provide insights into the hydraulic and hydrogeological features of aquifers, such as the relationship between hydraulic head, saturated zone, and hydraulic conductivity. Steady state groundwater modeling can be used to solve boundary value problems for steady-state Richards equation, allowing for the numerical analysis of various problems, including real-life examples. Additionally, it can be used to understand the groundwater behavior in a specific area, such as constructing a 2D groundwater model of an unconfined aquifer and predicting water depths and recharge rates.
What is continuous manufacturing in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry?4 answersContinuous manufacturing in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry is a method in which raw materials enter the manufacturing process continuously, and products are discharged continuously throughout the duration of the process. It includes various options, such as all stages of processing being continuous or only certain parts of the manufacturing process being continuous. This method offers advantages such as a wide range of manufacturing scales, the ability to use the same equipment from development to commercial production, and a reduction in equipment installation area. However, there are challenges in implementing continuous manufacturing, including legacy infrastructure, process integration challenges, vague regulatory guidelines, and a focus on novel therapies. Despite these challenges, continuous manufacturing is seen as the future standard in the pharmaceutical industry, with benefits including improved product quality, lower fabrication costs, and reduced production times.
Isothermal amplification5 answersIsothermal amplification is a nucleic acid amplification technique that allows for the rapid and specific detection of genes or pathogens at a constant temperature. It offers advantages over traditional PCR, such as not requiring a thermal cycler instrument and being more suitable for point-of-care testing. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a popular isothermal technique that uses Bst DNA polymerase and a set of primers to amplify target DNA at a constant temperature between 60-65 °C. LAMP can achieve high amplification levels in a short time and has higher specificity compared to PCR. LAMP has enabled new directions in the field of in-field diagnostics for bacterial and viral infections, and it is considered a unique platform for creating next-generation diagnostic assays. Isothermal amplification methods, including LAMP, have been applied in the medical field and have the potential for use at points of care, providing rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple methods for disease diagnosis. Microfluidics-based isothermal amplification, when combined with isothermal amplification, offers a more competent platform for point-of-care testing and has been used for the rapid and convenient detection of pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
What is a “steady state” and is it the same or different from chemical equilibrium?3 answersA steady state is a state in a dynamic system where there is no net flux between species, even in a complex reaction network. It is achieved when a reaction network is coupled to a second spontaneous chemical process, resulting in a non-equilibrium steady state. This concept has been studied in various disciplines, including the operation of molecular motors, the assembly of supramolecular materials, and strategies in enantioselective catalysis. Chemical equilibrium, on the other hand, refers to a state where the relative concentrations of species in a system are determined by the corresponding equilibrium constants, which are related to the free energy differences between the system components. In equilibrium, there is no net change in the concentrations of species. Therefore, while both steady state and equilibrium are important states in dynamic systems, they are different in terms of the presence or absence of net flux between species.