Why after fermentation, protein is aggregation?5 answersProtein aggregation after fermentation can occur due to various factors. During industrial production, proteins like monoclonal antibodies may aggregate at different stages, compromising their quality and efficacy. Proteins tend to aggregate, especially when stored at high concentrations, impacting stability and therapeutic properties. In the case of Lactobacillus brevis, aggregation is triggered by glucose fermentation, causing surface layer protein detachment and subsequent aggregation. Protein function relies on a defined 3D structure, with unfolding and aggregation affecting functionality. Recombinant proteins in genetically engineered organisms often form inclusion bodies due to aggregation, although recent studies suggest potential applications in various biotechnological fields. Overall, protein aggregation post-fermentation is a critical concern affecting protein stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness.
How does the fermentation process affect the formation and stability of emulsions?4 answersThe fermentation process plays a crucial role in enhancing the formation and stability of emulsions. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria can lead to the modification of food ingredients, such as phosvitin, into peptides that improve emulsifying properties and bioactivity. Microorganisms used in fermentation can create emulsifiers capable of forming reverse micelles, aiding in the effective penetration and absorption of bioactive substances into the skin, thus improving emulsion stability and skin cell toxicity. Additionally, the stability of emulsions can be attributed to factors like stirring velocity, time, and the ratios of surfactants to oil, which influence droplet size, phase viscosity, and coalescence, preventing settling or separation during fermentation. Yeast cells, depending on their physiological state and cultivation medium, can also contribute to the stability of emulsions through mechanisms like electrostatic repulsion between droplets.
What happens during fermentation?5 answersDuring fermentation, carbohydrates are converted into alcohol or organic acids by microorganisms like yeasts or bacteria under anaerobic conditions. This process has been utilized for thousands of years to produce various products, including alcoholic beverages like wine and beer. Fermentation can lead to the production of low molecular-weight peptides from proteins in both animal-based and plant-based foods, offering health benefits such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Additionally, fermentation is a biochemical change induced by microorganisms that can transform perishable raw materials into safe, shelf-stable foods through the production of acids or alcohols. The process involves controlling variables like strain, temperature, and viscosity to ensure successful fermentation and product quality.
How do fermentation processes affect the stable isotope composition of food?5 answersFermentation processes do not substantially affect the stable isotope composition of grain-based foods. The isotopic signatures of multi-ingredient foods can be accurately estimated using mass-balance equations based on the isotopic composition of their constituent raw ingredients. The isotopic parameters of fermentation products can be used to characterize their carbohydrate precursors, and variations in reaction rates induced by the fermentation medium do not introduce isotopic fractionation effects. The composition of the fermentation medium does not significantly influence the isotopic ratios of the fermentation products, supporting the use of isotopic analysis to characterize sugars in different fruit juices. The fermentation of food using carboxylic acid fermentation has been found to reduce the risk of contamination by infective microorganisms. The present invention suggests using fatty acid oxidizing enzymes in fermentation processes, including for ethanol production, along with additional enzymes and growth stimulators for the fermenting microorganisms.
Why do some Escherichia albertii strains ferment lactose while others do not?5 answersEscherichia albertii strains can either ferment lactose or not due to genetic differences. Some strains of E. albertii have been found to be lactose-negative, meaning they are unable to ferment lactose. This inability to ferment lactose is a distinguishing characteristic of E. albertii and can be used to differentiate it from other Enterobacteriaceae. On the other hand, other strains of E. albertii have been found to be lactose-positive, meaning they are able to ferment lactose. The ability to ferment lactose is determined by the presence or absence of specific genes in the E. albertii strains. Further research is needed to understand the genetic basis for lactose fermentation in E. albertii and the implications it may have on the pathogenicity and virulence of different strains.
What fermentation conditions in prokaryotic expression affect protein homogeneity?5 answersFermentation conditions in prokaryotic expression can affect protein homogeneity. The culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, shaking speed, and oxygen supply, play a significant role in protein expression at large scale. High cell density anaerobic fermentation can result in a fermentation broth with a high protein yield. Redox potential-driven fermentation can guide the cultivation progress of recombinant protein expression and improve protein activity. Heterogeneous activation of the secretion stress pathway can lead to expression heterogeneity of secretory proteins in Bacillus subtilis, but this can be suppressed by degU mutation and optimized growth conditions. The invention of a high-density fermenting method and an improved culture medium can improve protein homogeneity in prokaryotic expression.