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What is an oxidation state?

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Valence (chemistry)

Oxidation state

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The oxidation state is a concept used in chemistry to describe the electron distribution in a compound. It is a convenient way to count electrons in redox reactions and has applications in various areas such as descriptive chemistry, nomenclature, and electrochemistry. The history of the oxidation state dates back to the 19th century when it was used to describe the increase in oxygen bound by elements. Different rules and algorithms have been proposed to determine the oxidation state of an atom in a compound, taking into account factors such as charge balance and electronegativity. There is ongoing debate and research on refining the definition and determining oxidation states in different contexts.

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Journal Article•DOI Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Technical Report) Pavel Karen, Patrick McArdle, Josef Takats - Show less +2 more 18 Jun 2014-Pure and Applied Chemistry 82 Citations	The paper provides a generic definition of oxidation state (OS) as "The OS of a bonded atom equals its charge after ionic approximation."
Open access•Journal Article The oxidation states in organic compounds Maria Joselice e Silvaa, Karolayne Kelyn de Moura Lirab, Bogdan Doboszewskib - Show less +2 more 15 Sep 2021-African Journal of Chemical Education	The paper does not provide a direct definition of oxidation state.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI On the Upper Limits of Oxidation States in Chemistry. Shu Xian Hu, Wan-Lu Li, Jun Bo Lu, Junwei Lucas Bao, Haoyu S. Yu, Donald G. Truhlar, John K. Gibson, Joaquim Marçalo, Mingfei Zhou, Sebastian Riedel, W. H. Eugen Schwarz, W. H. Eugen Schwarz, Jun Li - Show less +12 more 12 Mar 2018-Angewandte Chemie 41 Citations	The paper provides a definition of oxidation state (OS) as the assignment of bonding electrons to the more electronegative element. It is useful for predicting chemical trends and guiding syntheses.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Oxidation State, A Long-Standing Issue Pavel Karen 13 Apr 2015-Angewandte Chemie 88 Citations	The paper provides a definition of oxidation state as the charge obtained by a central atom after removing its ligands and shared electron pairs.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Recommendations 2016) Pavel Karen, Patrick McArdle, Josef Takats - Show less +2 more 01 Aug 2016-Pure and Applied Chemistry 77 Citations	The oxidation state (OS) of an atom is the charge of the atom after ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds.

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How to find the oxidation state of a metal in organometallic complex with DFT?4 answersDensity Functional Theory (DFT) can be utilized to determine the oxidation state of a metal in an organometallic complex by conducting computational studies. These studies involve calculating the molecular and electronic structures of the complex at different oxidation levels, such as neutral, monoanionic, or dianionic ligands, to understand the oxidation state of the metal center. Additionally, DFT calculations can provide insights into the electronic structure of the complex, validating the computational approach by comparing the results with experimental data. By analyzing the bond lengths, angles, and energies of formation, DFT calculations can help identify the oxidation state of the metal in the organometallic complex. This comprehensive computational approach allows for a detailed understanding of the electronic structure and oxidation state of the metal within the complex.

What is the oxidation state of yttrium in various compounds?5 answersThe oxidation state of yttrium varies in different compounds. In yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12), yttrium is in the +3 oxidation state. When yttrium is added to an AK1M2 alloy, it decreases the oxidation rate, leading to an increase in the apparent oxidation activation energy. A stable yttrium peroxo compound contains yttrium in an oxidation state that allows for the presence of active oxygen species, such as HO2- and O22- groups. Yttrium hydride oxide (YHO) has been identified in thin films, indicating the presence of yttrium in a specific oxidation state within this compound. Therefore, depending on the compound, yttrium can exhibit different oxidation states, contributing to the diverse properties and behaviors of these materials.

What is oxidative stress?5 answersOxidative stress is a state of imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms in the body. It occurs when the oxidative forces exceed the antioxidant systems, leading to damage of important biomolecules and organs. Oxidative stress is associated with various diseases including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory diseases, and aging processes. While oxidative stress is generally considered harmful, it also plays a role in physiologic adaptation and intracellular signal transduction. The redox imbalance caused by oxidative stress can influence signal pathways, antioxidant enzyme synthesis, repair processes, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Oxidative stress has been linked to thyroid cancer and may contribute to its development and progression. Overall, oxidative stress is a complex phenomenon with both harmful and beneficial effects on the body, depending on various factors such as the type and intensity of oxidants, duration of redox imbalance, and cell type.

What is the mechanism of oxidation?5 answersThe mechanism of oxidation is not clearly understood and is the subject of ongoing research. Various mechanisms have been proposed, but none fully explain all the experimental evidence. One proposed mechanism involves the interchanging of different forms of the S2-state in the water oxidation process during photosynthesis. Another mechanism relates to the protection of an oxidation reactor, where gas leakage is prevented through the use of sealing covers and guide pipes. In the field of tungsten oxidation, a mechanism map has been developed to clarify the dominant oxidation kinetic regimes and make predictions in extreme environments. Additionally, an oxidation reduction medicament spraying mechanism has been invented, which involves timing atomization of a liquid medicine for effective use.

How does the oxidation state effect the edge of an xas spectrum?4 answersThe oxidation state of a material affects the edge of an XAS spectrum. XAS can determine the oxidation state of metal ions in materials such as LiNiO2 and Mn3O4. The main absorption edge in XAS spectra shows a linear variation with the oxidation states of Mn ions, indicating the presence of a mixed oxidation state (2.6+) in Mn3O4. XAS has also been used to study the oxidation state of Fe ions in irradiated sapphire, where the absorption edge position of the Fe K-edge XANES spectra is similar to Fe2O3, suggesting the presence of Fe3+. Additionally, XAS has been used to study the oxidation state of Ce ions in CeO2 and cerocene, revealing different intensity patterns associated with different 4f electron occupations. The oxidation state of Fe ions in Fe-rich amphiboles can also be determined using the pre-edge structure of the XAS spectrum at the Fe-K edge.

What are Oxides?5 answersOxides are a class of materials that exhibit a wide range of properties such as magnetic, dielectric, photocatalytic, and optical. They are thermodynamically stable and can exist as final products of energy consumption in nature and civilization. Oxides can be insulating, semiconducting, metallic, superconducting, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric, ferromagnetic, multiferroic, and exhibit non-linear optical effects. They can undergo phase transitions driven by various factors, resulting in significant changes in their properties. Oxides have a diverse range of applications in small-scale electronic devices, as heat-resistant structural materials, and for the discovery and utilization of superfunctionality. They also play important roles in soils, particularly in the sorption of essential and potentially toxic elements, redox reactions, and the transformation and availability of contaminants.

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