What type of temperature probes were used in lunar missions?5 answersTemperature probes utilized in lunar missions include platinum wire resistance sensors, thermistors, and microwave radiometers. Platinum wire resistance sensors and thermistors are commonly employed due to their sensitivity and stability, with efforts made to linearize the nonlinear characteristics of thermistors for improved performance. Additionally, microwave radiometers like the one on the Chang’e-2 lunar probe are used to measure lunar brightness temperature data, aiding in constructing high-resolution TB maps and establishing TB distribution models for studying lunar thermal radiation. These diverse temperature sensing technologies play crucial roles in understanding the thermophysical properties of the lunar surface, enabling detailed analysis of temperature variations and emissivity data for comprehensive lunar exploration and research.
What is the relationship between particle size and Curie temperature of MnFe2O4 spinel oxide?5 answersThe relationship between particle size and Curie temperature of MnFe2O4 spinel oxide is dependent on the specific conditions and dopants used in the synthesis process. In general, as the particle size decreases, the Curie temperature tends to increase. However, this behavior can be influenced by the type and concentration of dopants. For example, Co, Mg, or Ni doping can lead to an increase in the Curie temperature with decreasing particle size, while La or Gd doping can have the opposite effect. It is important to note that the relationship between particle size and Curie temperature can also be affected by other factors such as lattice constant, crystal structure, and magnetic interactions. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the specific synthesis conditions and dopants is necessary to accurately determine the relationship between particle size and Curie temperature in MnFe2O4 spinel oxide.
Is there a paper that conducted experiments considering ambient temperature or environment during temperature management research?4 answersYes, there are several papers that conducted experiments considering ambient temperature or environment during temperature management research. Xu et al. proposed an electric-thermal coupling model of a cylindrical battery and established a battery thermal management system using a heat pipe. They conducted experiments to show that the heat pipe system performs better than the non-heat pipe system in controlling battery temperature at low and high temperatures. Guo et al. explored the effects of ambient temperature on the flame characteristics of gaseous pool fires through a series of experiments conducted in a temperature-controlled chamber. Liu et al. investigated the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of a lithium-ion battery through empirical experiments conducted in an environment chamber with controlled temperatures. Yu et al. designed and fabricated a novel infrared forehead thermometer with ambient temperature compensation and evaluated its performance through experiments in low-temperature environments. Anselma et al. studied the thermal management system of an automotive fuel cell system and tested it under different ambient temperature conditions.
What’s the curie temperature?4 answersThe Curie temperature is a critical temperature at which a material undergoes a phase transition from a ferromagnetic to a paramagnetic state. It is an important property for understanding the magnetic behavior of materials. The Curie temperature can be influenced by various factors such as the heating rate during thermogravimetric measurements, the structural parameters of the material, and the magnetic interactions within the material. Additionally, the Curie temperature can be affected by the presence of phonons and the feedback effect from phonons to magnetism. Understanding and predicting the Curie temperature is crucial for the design and development of ferromagnetic materials with desired magnetic properties.
How does the magnetic susceptibility of gadolinium scale with temperature above the Curie temperature?4 answersThe magnetic susceptibility of gadolinium above the Curie temperature is influenced by various factors. In the high-temperature limit, the susceptibility follows the Curie law of free spins. However, the presence of magnetic short-range order can cause deviations from the Curie-Weiss law in the temperature range below 1.1-1.2 TC. The behavior of the nonlinear susceptibility (X2) at temperatures below TC in gadolinium is not consistent with theoretical expectations and experimental results for other ferromagnets. Additionally, the magnetocaloric effect of gadolinium exhibits a radical change in the dependence of the adiabatic temperature change on the initial temperature (T0) as the magnetic field is increased, resulting in an asymmetric peak and a broad plateau. Near the Curie temperature, the magnetic field dependence of the adiabatic temperature change in gadolinium is adequately described by the thermodynamic Landau theory for magnetic second-order phase transitions.
What is the latest research in temperature measurement techniques?4 answersRecent research in temperature measurement techniques has made significant progress in enabling measurements to be made at small scales with high spatial and temporal resolutions. This has opened up new opportunities for heat transfer research that were previously inaccessible. In the field of hyperthermia, novel techniques based on high intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound efficacy have been tested in in vitro experiments, involving power delivery and temperature measurements inside tissue mimicking material. In the context of spray foam insulation, experiments have been conducted to investigate the accuracy of thermocouple configurations in measuring temperatures. It was found that insulated Type K 36 gauge thermocouples joined via welding provide highly accurate temperature results, while larger wire gauges can significantly underestimate temperatures. In the field of thermal therapy, noninvasive temperature imaging using proton resonance frequency shift method of MR thermometry is currently the only method available for clinical practice, with new techniques being proposed to improve its robustness against tissue motion.