How has plasma processing technology impacted on different fields?5 answersPlasma processing technology has made significant impacts in various fields. In the oil and gas industry, it has demonstrated a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions while producing high-quality fuels. In the food industry, cold plasma technology has been widely applied for food preservation, improving food quality by maintaining physical and chemical properties, preventing spoilage microorganisms, retaining color, flavor, and texture, and degrading allergens and toxins. Additionally, plasma technology has found applications in pre and post-harvest processing in the agri-food chain, showcasing its versatility across different stages of food production. These findings highlight the diverse positive impacts of plasma processing technology in reducing environmental impact, enhancing food quality, and improving overall efficiency in various industries.
What are the physical and chemical properties of plasma's alternate ionized gas?5 answersPlasma, as an ionized gas, exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. The physical properties, such as equations of state and transport coefficients, are expressed through correlation functions calculated via analytical theories and numerical simulations. Plasma's behavior is governed by collective effects due to electromagnetic interactions between charged particles, leading to quasi-neutrality and collective behavior characterized by plasma oscillations and Debye screening. The chemistry of ions in plasma is influenced by ion energy and ion-molecule collisions near surfaces, impacting both ion energy and chemistry, especially at elevated pressures where smaller ions with lower energy are formed close to the surface. A self-consistent chemical model for partially ionized plasmas considers equilibrium distribution functions to derive effective interaction potentials, aiding in studying plasma composition and structure formation.
What is the relationship between the surface stability and the catalytic activity of the catalyst in ORR?4 answersThe relationship between surface stability and catalytic activity of the catalyst in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the performance of electrocatalysts. Several studies have investigated this relationship. Deng et al. found that the electron supply effect of the CoOx support allows for electron transfer during the ORR process, which improves catalyst activity and stability. Wang et al. observed that the leaching of Co from PtCo/C catalysts led to degradation and inferior performance due to Co poisoning of the ionomer. Helsel and Choudhury studied iron phthalocyanine monolayer catalysts and found that boron-doped graphene substrates offered higher stability than pristine graphene substrates. Zaman and Xia reported that surface tuning of binary PtCo alloy through transition metal doping improved ORR activity and durability by altering the electronic structure and suppressing Co dissolution. Weber et al. investigated the stability of perovskite oxide catalysts and found that the depletion of Co and enrichment of La(OH)3 at the electrode surface resulted in the failure of the catalyst under applied potential.
How a stable plasma becomes instable?4 answersA stable plasma can become unstable due to various factors. One factor is the presence of a circularly polarized transverse perturbation to a uniform magnetic field, which can lead to instability in the plasma. Another factor is the density of the plasma exceeding a critical value, which can cause instability in a plasma in a constant magnetic field. Instabilities in plasmas can also arise from the interaction of the plasma with external forces, such as collisions with neutrals or charge-exchange collisions. These interactions can result in the formation of velocity distributions that are linearly unstable, leading to instability in the plasma. Overall, instabilities in plasmas can arise from a variety of mechanisms and can have significant effects on the behavior and dynamics of the plasma.
How does transition between the states look like in the srt tasks?3 answersThe transition between states in SRT tasks involves the prediction of forthcoming responses and stimuli. Learning mechanisms in SRT tasks primarily strive for reliable predictions of responses, and for these mechanisms to work, the predictors have to be attended. Response transitions are easily learned and used because both criteria are fulfilled. However, pure stimulus transitions are learned only if the predictive stimuli are attended, and learned stimulus transitions become effective only to the extent that the predicted stimuli specify the required responses.
Why polarization is important in plasmas?4 answersPolarization is important in plasmas because it affects various aspects of plasma behavior and interactions. In gyrokinetic theory, the polarization effects are analyzed by using hybrid coordinates, which include the nonlinearity of polarization displacement. The generation and transport of fast electrons in laser-plasma interactions are influenced by the polarization of the laser pulse. Plasma polarization spectroscopy provides valuable information about high energy density plasmas, including the existence, directionality, and energy of particle beams. In the context of AdS/CFT holography, the polarization coefficients of a strongly-coupled plasma are related to the tidal deformation coefficients of a black brane. The polarization properties of gamma photons emitted from a plasma can be used to probe the plasma dynamics and its susceptibility to quantum electrodynamical processes.