What is the effect of smoking on the immune system?
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Smoking has a detrimental impact on the immune system by affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals that disrupt immune function, leading to altered levels of various immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines . Nicotine, a key component of tobacco, modulates the immune system by inhibiting innate and acquired immunity, altering lymphocyte polarization, and affecting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines . Smoking not only increases the risk of developing diseases like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and lung cancer but also impacts the body's ability to mount effective immune responses against infections, potentially leading to prolonged treatment duration and poorer outcomes . Overall, smoking compromises immune function, making individuals more susceptible to various health issues.
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| Papers (4) | Insight |
|---|---|
| Nicotine in cigarette smoke modulates the immune system, inhibits immunity, alters gene expression, and promotes an anti-inflammatory state, affecting cell growth, metastasis, and tumors. | |
1 Citations | Smoking negatively impacts the immune system by increasing cortisol levels, inhibiting B cell antibody development, and compromising T cell response to antigens, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Smoking impairs immune responses by affecting T/B lymphocytes, NK cells, cytokines, and leukocytes, leading to hindered immunological functions and permanent cellular damage. | |
| Smoking, with harmful components like nicotine, impacts the immune system, affecting tuberculosis and lung diseases by disrupting immune balance and respiratory defense mechanisms. |
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