What is the carrier mobility of the Silicon?4 answersThe carrier mobility of silicon varies based on different excitation methods and carrier densities. Studies have shown that below bandgap two-photon photoexcitation of silicon results in high carrier mobility values, especially at low carrier densities, surpassing traditional Hall measurements. This method allows for the generation of low-density carriers throughout the sample thickness, enabling the determination of mobility at densities below 10^13 cm^-3. Additionally, the carrier mobility of silicon can be influenced by factors such as excitation frequency, fluence, cut angle, and doping levels, with mobilities increasing at low carrier densities and showing a modest increase with higher dopant density. The unique conduction characteristics observed at low carrier densities achieved through photodoping contribute to the enhanced carrier mobility in silicon.
What is housing mobility?5 answersHousing mobility refers to the dynamic process of individuals and households adjusting their residential locations. It involves moving to different homes, which can lead to changes in neighborhoods and specific housing outcomes for families. Various factors influence housing mobility, such as life course events, which impact individuals' decisions to move and the contexts in which these moves occur. Additionally, housing mobility can shed light on social issues by revealing disparities among different social groups within existing housing structures. Studies have shown that housing mobility programs, like the Housing Mobility Program (HMP), play a crucial role in facilitating moves from disinvested neighborhoods to areas with more opportunities, aiming to combat residential segregation in cities. Successful housing mobility programs often incorporate features like metro-level partnerships, race-conscious eligibility criteria, and tenant support services to enhance their effectiveness.
How can hydrogen be used in transportation sector? give examples?4 answersHydrogen can be used as a fuel in the transportation sector, offering a clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. It can be used in fuel cell engines or burned in internal combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical power, providing several advantages over traditional combustion-based engines. The use of hydrogen in transportation can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to mitigating climate change. Hydrogen fuel cells have been deployed in various transportation systems, including road, rail, air, and sea, making them a viable option for modern transportation engines. The storage and transportation of hydrogen can be achieved through various methods, such as gaseous or liquid hydrogen, as well as liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC). Countries like India are exploring the socio-economic aspects and deployment scenarios of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the transportation sector. The adoption of hydrogen-fueled transportation requires addressing factors such as energy dependency, storage and infrastructure costs, and the ability to mitigate harmful gases.
What is the share of transport in GHG emissions?4 answersTransportation is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. The share of transport in GHG emissions varies across different regions and countries. In the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, including Oman, the transportation sector accounted for 16.3% of total GHG emissions in 2015. In the United States, China, and the European Union, the transportation sector accounted for 16% of global GHG emissions. The transportation sector is responsible for approximately 14% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions globally. Additionally, transportation activities contribute to approximately 20% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally. These findings highlight the importance of addressing GHG emissions from the transportation sector to achieve carbon neutrality and mitigate climate change.
How does tensile strain affect carrier mobility?5 answersTensile strain has been found to have a significant effect on carrier mobility in various materials. In Fe-doped GaN, tensile strain increases the electron mobility, making it more suitable for optoelectronic devices. Similarly, in GeSn nMOSFETs, tensile strain in the GeSn film enhances the channel mobility by increasing the carrier population in the ${\Gamma }$ valley. In Chevron graphene nanoribbons (CGNRs) and extended CGNRs (ECGNR), tensile strain decreases the bandgap and increases the carrier mobility, with ECGNRs exhibiting higher mobility than CGNRs. In monolayer MoS2, a uniaxial tensile strain can modulate the room temperature mobility (RTM), with the effect being more pronounced in the zigzag direction. Finally, in tetrahex-C, a two-dimensional carbon allotrope, uniaxial tensile strain can control the anisotropic carrier effective mass and mobility, leading to enhanced intrinsic carrier mobility.
Do carrier have an influence on the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient?5 answersCarrier filling ratio has a significant influence on the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs). Increasing the carrier filling ratio generally leads to an increase in KLa, resulting in improved oxygen transfer efficiency. However, there is an optimal filling ratio beyond which the KLa starts to decrease. Different types of carriers, such as layered fan-like carriers and wave multi-channel carriers, have been developed to enhance KLa and create ideal mass transfer conditions in MBBRs. The spatial structure of the carrier plays a crucial role in accelerating reoxygenation, increasing dissolved oxygen saturation, and improving oxygen mass transfer. The presence of biofilm attached to the carrier can negatively affect KLa, with biofilm flocculants and soluble microbial products being the main inhibiting factors. Overall, carriers have a significant influence on the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in MBBRs, and optimizing the filling ratio and carrier design can enhance oxygen transfer efficiency.